Skip to main content

2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Quellen für Winddaten

verfasst von : Stefan Emeis

Erschienen in: Windenergie Meteorologie

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Die Ressource für die Energieerzeugung durch Windkraftanlagen ist der Wind. Dieses Kapitel nennt Quellen für Winddaten. Dabei werden verschiedene Windmessmethoden und Simulationsdaten vorgestellt. Zudem werden wichtige Methoden für Windstatistiken präsentiert.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abreu, V.J., J.E. Barnes, P.B. Hays: Observations of wind with an incoherent lidar detector. Appl. Opt. 31, 4509–4514 (1992)CrossRef Abreu, V.J., J.E. Barnes, P.B. Hays: Observations of wind with an incoherent lidar detector. Appl. Opt. 31, 4509–4514 (1992)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Adams, A.S., D.W. Keith: Are global wind power resource estimates overstated? Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 015021 (2013)CrossRef Adams, A.S., D.W. Keith: Are global wind power resource estimates overstated? Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 015021 (2013)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Asimakopoulos, D.N., Helmis C.G., Michopoulos J.: Evaluation of SODAR methods for the determination of the atmospheric boundary layer mixing height. Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 85, 85–92 (2004)CrossRef Asimakopoulos, D.N., Helmis C.G., Michopoulos J.: Evaluation of SODAR methods for the determination of the atmospheric boundary layer mixing height. Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 85, 85–92 (2004)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Banakh, V.A., I.N. Smalikho, F. Köpp, C. Werner: Representativeness of wind measurements with a cw Doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer. Appl. Opt. 34, 2055–2067 (1995)CrossRef Banakh, V.A., I.N. Smalikho, F. Köpp, C. Werner: Representativeness of wind measurements with a cw Doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer. Appl. Opt. 34, 2055–2067 (1995)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beaucage, P., M.C. Brower, J. Tensen: Evaluation of four numerical wind flow models for wind resource mapping. Wind Energy, vol. 17, pp. 197–208 (2014)CrossRef Beaucage, P., M.C. Brower, J. Tensen: Evaluation of four numerical wind flow models for wind resource mapping. Wind Energy, vol. 17, pp. 197–208 (2014)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beyrich, F.: Mixing height estimation from sodar data – a critical discussion. Atmos. Environ. 31, 3941–3954 (1997)CrossRef Beyrich, F.: Mixing height estimation from sodar data – a critical discussion. Atmos. Environ. 31, 3941–3954 (1997)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Boers, R., Spinhirne, J.D., Hart, W.D.: Lidar Observations of the Fine-Scale Variability of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 27, 797–810 (1988)CrossRef Boers, R., Spinhirne, J.D., Hart, W.D.: Lidar Observations of the Fine-Scale Variability of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 27, 797–810 (1988)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Böttcher, F., S. Barth, J. Peinke: Small and large scale fluctuations in atmospheric wind speeds. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 21, 299–308 (2007)CrossRef Böttcher, F., S. Barth, J. Peinke: Small and large scale fluctuations in atmospheric wind speeds. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 21, 299–308 (2007)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bradley, S., A. Strehz, S. Emeis: Remote sensing winds in complex terrain – a review. Meteorol. Z., 24, 547–555 (2015)CrossRef Bradley, S., A. Strehz, S. Emeis: Remote sensing winds in complex terrain – a review. Meteorol. Z., 24, 547–555 (2015)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan, G.H., Wyngaard, J.C., Fritsch, J.M.: Resolution Requirements for the Simulation of Deep Moist Convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2394–2416 (2003)CrossRef Bryan, G.H., Wyngaard, J.C., Fritsch, J.M.: Resolution Requirements for the Simulation of Deep Moist Convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2394–2416 (2003)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Busch, N.E., L. Kristensen: Cup anemometer overspeeding. J. Appl. Meteorol., 15, 1328–1332 (1976)CrossRef Busch, N.E., L. Kristensen: Cup anemometer overspeeding. J. Appl. Meteorol., 15, 1328–1332 (1976)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Calhoun, R., Heap, R., Princevac, M., Newsom, R., Fernando, H., Ligon, D.: Virtual towers using coherent Doppler lidar during the Joint Urban 2003 dispersion experiment. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1116–1126 (2006)CrossRef Calhoun, R., Heap, R., Princevac, M., Newsom, R., Fernando, H., Ligon, D.: Virtual towers using coherent Doppler lidar during the Joint Urban 2003 dispersion experiment. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1116–1126 (2006)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cannon, D. J., Brayshaw, D. J., Methven, J., Coker, P. J., Lenaghan, D.: Using reanalysis data to quantify extreme wind power generation statistics: a 33 year case study in Great Britain. Renewable Energy, 75, 767–778 (2015)CrossRef Cannon, D. J., Brayshaw, D. J., Methven, J., Coker, P. J., Lenaghan, D.: Using reanalysis data to quantify extreme wind power generation statistics: a 33 year case study in Great Britain. Renewable Energy, 75, 767–778 (2015)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carta, J.A., S. Velázquez, P. Cabrera: A review of measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods used to estimate long-term wind characteristics at a target site. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 27, 362–400 (2013)CrossRef Carta, J.A., S. Velázquez, P. Cabrera: A review of measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods used to estimate long-term wind characteristics at a target site. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 27, 362–400 (2013)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carter, D.J.T.: Estimating extreme wave heights in the NE Atlantic from GEOSAT data. Health and Safety Executive – Offshore Technology Report. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office OTH 93 396. 28 pp. (1993) Carter, D.J.T.: Estimating extreme wave heights in the NE Atlantic from GEOSAT data. Health and Safety Executive – Offshore Technology Report. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office OTH 93 396. 28 pp. (1993)
Zurück zum Zitat Carvalho, D., A. Rocha, C. Silva Santos, R. Pereira: Wind resource modelling in complex terrain using different mesoscale–microscale coupling techniques. Applied Energy, 108, 493–504 (2013)CrossRef Carvalho, D., A. Rocha, C. Silva Santos, R. Pereira: Wind resource modelling in complex terrain using different mesoscale–microscale coupling techniques. Applied Energy, 108, 493–504 (2013)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ching, J., Rotunno, R., LeMone, M., Martilli, A., Kosovic, B., Jimenez, P.A., Dudhia, J.: Convectively Induced Secondary Circulations in Fine-Grid Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 3284–3302 (2014)CrossRef Ching, J., Rotunno, R., LeMone, M., Martilli, A., Kosovic, B., Jimenez, P.A., Dudhia, J.: Convectively Induced Secondary Circulations in Fine-Grid Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 3284–3302 (2014)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Christiansen, M.B., C.B. Hasager: Wake effects of large offshore wind farms identified from satellite SAR. Remote Sens. Environ., 98, 251–268 (2005)CrossRef Christiansen, M.B., C.B. Hasager: Wake effects of large offshore wind farms identified from satellite SAR. Remote Sens. Environ., 98, 251–268 (2005)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Comerón, A., M. Sicard, F. Rocadenbosch: Wavelet Correlation Transform Method and Gradient Method to Determine Aerosol Layering from Lidar Returns: Some Comments. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 30, 1189–1193 (2013)CrossRef Comerón, A., M. Sicard, F. Rocadenbosch: Wavelet Correlation Transform Method and Gradient Method to Determine Aerosol Layering from Lidar Returns: Some Comments. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 30, 1189–1193 (2013)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Contini, D., Cava, D., Martano, P., Donateo, A., Grasso, F.M.: Comparison of indirect methods for the estimation of Boundary Layer height over flat-terrain in a coastal site. Meteorol. Z. 18, 309–320 (2009)CrossRef Contini, D., Cava, D., Martano, P., Donateo, A., Grasso, F.M.: Comparison of indirect methods for the estimation of Boundary Layer height over flat-terrain in a coastal site. Meteorol. Z. 18, 309–320 (2009)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cook, N.J.: Towards better estimation of extreme winds, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 9, 295–323 (1982)CrossRef Cook, N.J.: Towards better estimation of extreme winds, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 9, 295–323 (1982)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cooney, J.: Measurement of atmospheric temperature profiles by Raman backscatter. J. Appl. Meteorol. 11, 108–112 (1972)CrossRef Cooney, J.: Measurement of atmospheric temperature profiles by Raman backscatter. J. Appl. Meteorol. 11, 108–112 (1972)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davies, F., C.G. Collier, K.E. Bozier, G.N. Pearson: On the accuracy of retrieved wind information from Doppler lidar observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 129, 321–334 (2003)CrossRef Davies, F., C.G. Collier, K.E. Bozier, G.N. Pearson: On the accuracy of retrieved wind information from Doppler lidar observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 129, 321–334 (2003)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davis, F.K., H. Newstein: The Variation of Gust Factors with Mean Wind Speed and with Height. J. Appl. Meteor. 7, 372–378 (1968)CrossRef Davis, F.K., H. Newstein: The Variation of Gust Factors with Mean Wind Speed and with Height. J. Appl. Meteor. 7, 372–378 (1968)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N. and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 137: 553–597 (2011)CrossRef Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N. and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 137: 553–597 (2011)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat de Haij, M., Wauben, W., Klein Baltink, H.: Determination of mixing layer height from ceilometer backscatter profiles. In: Slusser JR, Schäfer K, Comerón A (eds) Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XI. Proc. SPIE 6362, 63620R (2006) de Haij, M., Wauben, W., Klein Baltink, H.: Determination of mixing layer height from ceilometer backscatter profiles. In: Slusser JR, Schäfer K, Comerón A (eds) Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XI. Proc. SPIE 6362, 63620R (2006)
Zurück zum Zitat Draxl, C., A. Clifton, B.-M. Hodge, J. McCaa: The wind integration national dataset (wind) Toolkit. Appl. Energy, 151, 355–366 (2015)CrossRef Draxl, C., A. Clifton, B.-M. Hodge, J. McCaa: The wind integration national dataset (wind) Toolkit. Appl. Energy, 151, 355–366 (2015)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Eresmaa, N., Karppinen, A., Joffre, S.M., Räsänen, J., Talvitie, H.: Mixing height determination by ceilometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1485–1493 (2006)CrossRef Eresmaa, N., Karppinen, A., Joffre, S.M., Räsänen, J., Talvitie, H.: Mixing height determination by ceilometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1485–1493 (2006)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Elliott, D., M. Schwartz, S. Haymes, D. Heimiller, G. Scott, M. Brower, E. Hale, and B. Phelps: New wind energy resource potential estimates for the United States. Presentation at the Second Conf. on Weather, Climate, and the New Energy Economy, 27 Jan 2011, Seattle, WA. (2011) Elliott, D., M. Schwartz, S. Haymes, D. Heimiller, G. Scott, M. Brower, E. Hale, and B. Phelps: New wind energy resource potential estimates for the United States. Presentation at the Second Conf. on Weather, Climate, and the New Energy Economy, 27 Jan 2011, Seattle, WA. (2011)
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S.: Measurement Methods in Atmospheric Sciences. In situ and remote. Series: Quantifying the Environment Vol. 1. Borntraeger Stuttgart. XIV + 257 pp. (2010) Emeis, S.: Measurement Methods in Atmospheric Sciences. In situ and remote. Series: Quantifying the Environment Vol. 1. Borntraeger Stuttgart. XIV + 257 pp. (2010)
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S.: Surface-Based Remote Sensing of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Series: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, Vol. 40. Springer Heidelberg etc., X + 174 pp. (2011) Emeis, S.: Surface-Based Remote Sensing of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Series: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, Vol. 40. Springer Heidelberg etc., X + 174 pp. (2011)
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S.: Observational techniques to assist the coupling of CWE/CFD models and meso-scale meteorological models. J. Wind Eng. Industr. Aerodyn., 144, 24–30 (2015)CrossRef Emeis, S.: Observational techniques to assist the coupling of CWE/CFD models and meso-scale meteorological models. J. Wind Eng. Industr. Aerodyn., 144, 24–30 (2015)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S., Türk, M.: Frequency distributions of the mixing height over an urban area from SODAR data. Meteorol. Z. 13, 361–367 (2004)CrossRef Emeis, S., Türk, M.: Frequency distributions of the mixing height over an urban area from SODAR data. Meteorol. Z. 13, 361–367 (2004)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S., M. Türk: Wind-driven wave heights in the German Bight. Ocean Dyn. 59, 463–475. (2009)CrossRef Emeis, S., M. Türk: Wind-driven wave heights in the German Bight. Ocean Dyn. 59, 463–475. (2009)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S., M. Harris, R.M. Banta: Boundary-layer anemometry by optical remote sensing for wind energy applications. Meteorol. Z., 16, 337–347 (2007a)CrossRef Emeis, S., M. Harris, R.M. Banta: Boundary-layer anemometry by optical remote sensing for wind energy applications. Meteorol. Z., 16, 337–347 (2007a)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S., K. Baumann-Stanzer, M. Piringer, M. Kallistratova, R. Kouznetsov, V. Yushkov: Wind and turbulence in the urban boundary layer – analysis from acoustic remote sensing data and fit to analytical relations. Meteorol. Z. 16, 393–406 (2007b)CrossRef Emeis, S., K. Baumann-Stanzer, M. Piringer, M. Kallistratova, R. Kouznetsov, V. Yushkov: Wind and turbulence in the urban boundary layer – analysis from acoustic remote sensing data and fit to analytical relations. Meteorol. Z. 16, 393–406 (2007b)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis, S., Jahn, C., Münkel, C., Münsterer, C., Schäfer, K.: Multiple atmospheric layering and mixing-layer height in the Inn valley observed by remote sensing. Meteorol. Z. 16, 415–424 (2007c)CrossRef Emeis, S., Jahn, C., Münkel, C., Münsterer, C., Schäfer, K.: Multiple atmospheric layering and mixing-layer height in the Inn valley observed by remote sensing. Meteorol. Z. 16, 415–424 (2007c)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Emeis S., Schäfer K., Münkel C.: Surface-based remote sensing of the mixing-layer height – a review. Meteorol. Z. 17, 621–630 (2008)CrossRef Emeis S., Schäfer K., Münkel C.: Surface-based remote sensing of the mixing-layer height – a review. Meteorol. Z. 17, 621–630 (2008)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Flamant, C., Pelon, J., Flamant, P.H., Durand, P.: Lidar determination of the entrainement zone thickness at the top of the unstable marin atmospheric boundary-layer. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 83, 247–284 (1997)CrossRef Flamant, C., Pelon, J., Flamant, P.H., Durand, P.: Lidar determination of the entrainement zone thickness at the top of the unstable marin atmospheric boundary-layer. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 83, 247–284 (1997)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Foken, T.: Micrometeorology. Springer, 308 pp. (2008) Foken, T.: Micrometeorology. Springer, 308 pp. (2008)
Zurück zum Zitat Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L.,, Randles, C.A., Darmenova, A., Bosilovicha, M.G., Reichle, R., Wargan, K., Coya, L., Richard Cullather, R., Clara Draper, C., Santha Akella, S., Virginie Buchard, V., Austin Conaty, A., Arlindo M. da Silva, A.M., Wei Gu, W., Gi-Kong Kim, G.-K., Randal Koster, R., Robert Lucchesia, R., Dagmar Merkova, D., Jon Eric Nielsen, J.E., Gary Partyka, G., Steven Pawson, S., William Putman, W., Michele Rienecker, M., Siegfried D. Schubert, S.D., Meta Sienkiewicz, M., Zhao, B.: The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454 (2017)CrossRef Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L.,, Randles, C.A., Darmenova, A., Bosilovicha, M.G., Reichle, R., Wargan, K., Coya, L., Richard Cullather, R., Clara Draper, C., Santha Akella, S., Virginie Buchard, V., Austin Conaty, A., Arlindo M. da Silva, A.M., Wei Gu, W., Gi-Kong Kim, G.-K., Randal Koster, R., Robert Lucchesia, R., Dagmar Merkova, D., Jon Eric Nielsen, J.E., Gary Partyka, G., Steven Pawson, S., William Putman, W., Michele Rienecker, M., Siegfried D. Schubert, S.D., Meta Sienkiewicz, M., Zhao, B.: The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454 (2017)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat González-Aparicio, I., Monforti, F., Volker, P., Zucker, A., Careri, F., Huld, T., & Badger, J.: Simulating European wind power generation applying statistical downscaling to reanalysis data. Applied Energy, 199, 155–168 (2017)CrossRef González-Aparicio, I., Monforti, F., Volker, P., Zucker, A., Careri, F., Huld, T., & Badger, J.: Simulating European wind power generation applying statistical downscaling to reanalysis data. Applied Energy, 199, 155–168 (2017)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gomes, L., & Vickery, B. J.: On the prediction of extreme wind speeds from the parent distribution. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2(1), 21–36 (1977)CrossRef Gomes, L., & Vickery, B. J.: On the prediction of extreme wind speeds from the parent distribution. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2(1), 21–36 (1977)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gottschall, J., Gribben, B., Stein, D., Würth, I.: Floating lidar as an advanced offshore wind speed measurement technique: current technology status and gap analysis in regard to full maturity. WIREs Energy Environ, 6: n/a, e250. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.250 (2017) Gottschall, J., Gribben, B., Stein, D., Würth, I.: Floating lidar as an advanced offshore wind speed measurement technique: current technology status and gap analysis in regard to full maturity. WIREs Energy Environ, 6: n/a, e250. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​wene.​250 (2017)
Zurück zum Zitat Gross, G.: Das dreidimensionale, nichthydrostatische Mesoscale-Modell FITNAH. Meteorol. Rdsch, 43, 97–112 (1991) Gross, G.: Das dreidimensionale, nichthydrostatische Mesoscale-Modell FITNAH. Meteorol. Rdsch, 43, 97–112 (1991)
Zurück zum Zitat Grund, C.J., R.M. Banta, J.L. George, J.N. Howell, M.J. Post, R.A. Richter, A.M. Weickmann: High-resolution Doppler lidar for boundary layer and cloud research. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 18, 376–393 (2001)CrossRef Grund, C.J., R.M. Banta, J.L. George, J.N. Howell, M.J. Post, R.A. Richter, A.M. Weickmann: High-resolution Doppler lidar for boundary layer and cloud research. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 18, 376–393 (2001)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gumbel, E.J.: Statistics of extremes. Columbia University Press, New York and London, 375 pp. (1958) Gumbel, E.J.: Statistics of extremes. Columbia University Press, New York and London, 375 pp. (1958)
Zurück zum Zitat Hardesty, R.M., L.S. Darby: Ground-based and airborne lidar.– Encyclopedia of Hy-drologic Sciences. M.G. Anderson (Ed.), Wiley, 697–712 (2005) Hardesty, R.M., L.S. Darby: Ground-based and airborne lidar.– Encyclopedia of Hy-drologic Sciences. M.G. Anderson (Ed.), Wiley, 697–712 (2005)
Zurück zum Zitat Harris, M., G. Constant, C. Ward: Continuous wave bistatic laser Doppler wind sensor. Appl. Opt. 40, 1501–1506 (2001)CrossRef Harris, M., G. Constant, C. Ward: Continuous wave bistatic laser Doppler wind sensor. Appl. Opt. 40, 1501–1506 (2001)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hasager,.CB., P. Vincent, R. Husson, A. Mouche, M. Badger, A. Peña, P. Volker, J. Badger, A. Di Bella, A. Palomares, E. Cantero, P.M.F. Correia: Comparing satellite SAR and wind farm wake models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 625, 012035 (2015) Hasager,.CB., P. Vincent, R. Husson, A. Mouche, M. Badger, A. Peña, P. Volker, J. Badger, A. Di Bella, A. Palomares, E. Cantero, P.M.F. Correia: Comparing satellite SAR and wind farm wake models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 625, 012035 (2015)
Zurück zum Zitat Hayden, K.L., Anlauf, K.G., Hoff, R.M., Strapp, J.W., Bottenheim, J.W., Wiebe, H.A., Froude, F.A., Martin, J.B., Steyn, D.G., McKendry, I.G.: The Vertical Chemical and Meteorological Structure of the Boundary Layer in the Lower Fraser Valley during Pacific ’93. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2089–2105 (1997)CrossRef Hayden, K.L., Anlauf, K.G., Hoff, R.M., Strapp, J.W., Bottenheim, J.W., Wiebe, H.A., Froude, F.A., Martin, J.B., Steyn, D.G., McKendry, I.G.: The Vertical Chemical and Meteorological Structure of the Boundary Layer in the Lower Fraser Valley during Pacific ’93. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2089–2105 (1997)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hennemuth, B., Kirtzel, H.-J.: Towards operational determination of boundary layer height using sodar/RASS soundings and surface heat flux data. Meteorol. Z. 17, 283–296 (2008)CrossRef Hennemuth, B., Kirtzel, H.-J.: Towards operational determination of boundary layer height using sodar/RASS soundings and surface heat flux data. Meteorol. Z. 17, 283–296 (2008)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hooper, W.P., Eloranta, E.: Lidar measurements of wind in the planetary boundary layer: the method, accuracy and results from joint measurements with radiosonde and kytoon. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 25, 990–1001 (1986)CrossRef Hooper, W.P., Eloranta, E.: Lidar measurements of wind in the planetary boundary layer: the method, accuracy and results from joint measurements with radiosonde and kytoon. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 25, 990–1001 (1986)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat ISO 28902-2: Air quality – Environmental meteorology – Part 2: Ground-based remote sensing of wind by heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar. (2017) ISO 28902-2: Air quality – Environmental meteorology – Part 2: Ground-based remote sensing of wind by heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar. (2017)
Zurück zum Zitat Jackson, P.S., Hunt, J.C.R.: Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 101, 929–55 (1975)CrossRef Jackson, P.S., Hunt, J.C.R.: Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 101, 929–55 (1975)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat James, E.P., S.G. Benjamin, M. Marquis: A unified high-resolution wind and solar dataset from a rapidly updating numerical weather prediction model. Renewable Energy, 102, 390–405 (2017)CrossRef James, E.P., S.G. Benjamin, M. Marquis: A unified high-resolution wind and solar dataset from a rapidly updating numerical weather prediction model. Renewable Energy, 102, 390–405 (2017)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen, N.O., L. Kristensen: Gust statistics for the Great Belt Region. Risoe-M-2828, 21 pp. (1989) Jensen, N.O., L. Kristensen: Gust statistics for the Great Belt Region. Risoe-M-2828, 21 pp. (1989)
Zurück zum Zitat Jones, P. D., Harpham, C., Troccoli, A., Gschwind, B., Ranchin, T., Wald, L., Goddess, C.M., Dorling, S.: Using ERA-Interim reanalysis for creating datasets of energy-relevant climate variables. Earth System Science Data, 9, 471–495 (2017)CrossRef Jones, P. D., Harpham, C., Troccoli, A., Gschwind, B., Ranchin, T., Wald, L., Goddess, C.M., Dorling, S.: Using ERA-Interim reanalysis for creating datasets of energy-relevant climate variables. Earth System Science Data, 9, 471–495 (2017)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Justus, C.G., W.R. Hargraves, A. Yalcin: Nationwide Assessment of Potential Output from Wind-Powered Generators. J. Appl. Meteor. 15, 673–678 (1976)CrossRef Justus, C.G., W.R. Hargraves, A. Yalcin: Nationwide Assessment of Potential Output from Wind-Powered Generators. J. Appl. Meteor. 15, 673–678 (1976)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Justus, C.G., W.R. Hargraves, A. Mikhail, D. Graber: Methods for Estimating Wind Speed Frequency Distributions. J. Appl. Meteor. 17, 350–353 (1978)CrossRef Justus, C.G., W.R. Hargraves, A. Mikhail, D. Graber: Methods for Estimating Wind Speed Frequency Distributions. J. Appl. Meteor. 17, 350–353 (1978)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kaimal, J.C., S.F. Clifford, R.J. Lataitis: Effect of finite sampling on atmospheric spectra. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 47, 337–347 (1989)CrossRef Kaimal, J.C., S.F. Clifford, R.J. Lataitis: Effect of finite sampling on atmospheric spectra. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 47, 337–347 (1989)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kindler, D., A. Oldroyd, A. MacAskill, D. Finch: An 8 month test campaign of the QinetiQ ZephIR system: preliminary results. Meteorol. Z., 16, 463–473 (2007)CrossRef Kindler, D., A. Oldroyd, A. MacAskill, D. Finch: An 8 month test campaign of the QinetiQ ZephIR system: preliminary results. Meteorol. Z., 16, 463–473 (2007)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Klaas, T., Pauscher, L., Callies, D.: LiDAR-mast deviations in complex terrain and their simulation using CFD. Meteorol. Z, 24, 591–603 (2015)CrossRef Klaas, T., Pauscher, L., Callies, D.: LiDAR-mast deviations in complex terrain and their simulation using CFD. Meteorol. Z, 24, 591–603 (2015)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kljun, N., P. Calanca, M.W. Rotach, H.P. Schmid: A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for flux footprint prediction (FFP). Geosci. Model Develop. 8, 3695–3713 (2015)CrossRef Kljun, N., P. Calanca, M.W. Rotach, H.P. Schmid: A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for flux footprint prediction (FFP). Geosci. Model Develop. 8, 3695–3713 (2015)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Koch W., F. Feser: Relationship between SAR-derived wind vectors and wind at 10-m height represented by a mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1505–1517 (2006)CrossRef Koch W., F. Feser: Relationship between SAR-derived wind vectors and wind at 10-m height represented by a mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1505–1517 (2006)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kristensen, L.: The cup anemometer and other exciting instruments. Doctor thesis at the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby. Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmeark. Risø-R-615 (EN), 83 pp. (1993) Kristensen, L.: The cup anemometer and other exciting instruments. Doctor thesis at the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby. Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmeark. Risø-R-615 (EN), 83 pp. (1993)
Zurück zum Zitat Lammert, A., Bösenberg, J.: Determination of the Convective Boundary-Layer Height with Laser Remote Sensing. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 119, 159–170 (2006)CrossRef Lammert, A., Bösenberg, J.: Determination of the Convective Boundary-Layer Height with Laser Remote Sensing. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 119, 159–170 (2006)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lenschow, D. H., J. Mann, L. Kristensen: How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?. – J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 661–673 (1994) Lenschow, D. H., J. Mann, L. Kristensen: How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?. – J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 661–673 (1994)
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, Y.S., Miao, S.G., Zhang, C.L., Cui, G.X., Zhang, Z.S.: Study on micro-atmospheric environment by coupling large eddy simulation with mesoscale model. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 107–108, 106–117 (2012)CrossRef Liu, Y.S., Miao, S.G., Zhang, C.L., Cui, G.X., Zhang, Z.S.: Study on micro-atmospheric environment by coupling large eddy simulation with mesoscale model. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 107–108, 106–117 (2012)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat MacCready, P.B.: Mean Wind Speed Measurements in Turbulence. J. Appl. Meteorol., 5, 219–225 (1966)CrossRef MacCready, P.B.: Mean Wind Speed Measurements in Turbulence. J. Appl. Meteorol., 5, 219–225 (1966)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mann, J., N. Angelou, J. Arnqvist, D. Callies, E. Cantero, R. Chávez Arroyo, M. Courtney, J. Cuxart, E. Dellwik, J. Gottschall, S. Ivanell, P. Kühn, G. Lea, J. C. Matos, J. M. L. M. Palma, L. Pauscher, A. Peña, J. Sanz Rodrigo, S. Söderberg, N. Vasiljevic, C. Veiga Rodrigues: Complex terrain experiments in the New European Wind Atlas. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 375(2091), 20160101 (2017) Mann, J., N. Angelou, J. Arnqvist, D. Callies, E. Cantero, R. Chávez Arroyo, M. Courtney, J. Cuxart, E. Dellwik, J. Gottschall, S. Ivanell, P. Kühn, G. Lea, J. C. Matos, J. M. L. M. Palma, L. Pauscher, A. Peña, J. Sanz Rodrigo, S. Söderberg, N. Vasiljevic, C. Veiga Rodrigues: Complex terrain experiments in the New European Wind Atlas. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 375(2091), 20160101 (2017)
Zurück zum Zitat Martucci, G., Srivastava, M.K., Mitev, V., Matthey, R., Frioud, M., Richner, H.: Comparison of lidar methods to determine the Aerosol Mixed Layer top. In: Schäfer K, Comeron A, Carleer M, Picard RH (eds.): Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere VIII. Proc of SPIE 5235, 447–456 (2004) Martucci, G., Srivastava, M.K., Mitev, V., Matthey, R., Frioud, M., Richner, H.: Comparison of lidar methods to determine the Aerosol Mixed Layer top. In: Schäfer K, Comeron A, Carleer M, Picard RH (eds.): Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere VIII. Proc of SPIE 5235, 447–456 (2004)
Zurück zum Zitat Melfi, S.H., Spinhirne, J.D., Chou, S.H., Palm, S.P.: Lidar Observation of the Vertically Organized Convection in the Planetary Boundary Layer Over the Ocean. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 24, 806–821 (1985)CrossRef Melfi, S.H., Spinhirne, J.D., Chou, S.H., Palm, S.P.: Lidar Observation of the Vertically Organized Convection in the Planetary Boundary Layer Over the Ocean. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 24, 806–821 (1985)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Menut, L., Flamant, C., Pelon, J., Flamant, P.H.: Urban Boundary-Layer Height Determination from Lidar Measurements Over the Paris Area. Appl. Opt. 38, 945–954 (1999)CrossRef Menut, L., Flamant, C., Pelon, J., Flamant, P.H.: Urban Boundary-Layer Height Determination from Lidar Measurements Over the Paris Area. Appl. Opt. 38, 945–954 (1999)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mitsuta, Y., O. Tsukamoto: Studies on Spatial Structure of Wind Gust. J. Appl. Meteor. 28, 1155–1161 (1989)CrossRef Mitsuta, Y., O. Tsukamoto: Studies on Spatial Structure of Wind Gust. J. Appl. Meteor. 28, 1155–1161 (1989)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mochida, A., Iizuka, S., Tominaga, Y., Lun, I.Y.-F.: Up-scaling CWE models to include mesoscale meteorological influences. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 99, 187–198 (2011)CrossRef Mochida, A., Iizuka, S., Tominaga, Y., Lun, I.Y.-F.: Up-scaling CWE models to include mesoscale meteorological influences. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 99, 187–198 (2011)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morales, A., M. Wächter, J. Peinke: Advanced characterization of wind turbulence by higher order statistics. Proc. EWEC 2010 (2010) Morales, A., M. Wächter, J. Peinke: Advanced characterization of wind turbulence by higher order statistics. Proc. EWEC 2010 (2010)
Zurück zum Zitat Münkel, C.: Mixing height determination with lidar ceilometers – results from Helsinki Testbed. Meteorol. Z. 16, 451–459 (2007)CrossRef Münkel, C.: Mixing height determination with lidar ceilometers – results from Helsinki Testbed. Meteorol. Z. 16, 451–459 (2007)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Münkel, C., Räsänen, J.: New optical concept for commercial lidar ceilometers scanning the boundary layer. Proc. SPIE 5571, 364–374 (2004)CrossRef Münkel, C., Räsänen, J.: New optical concept for commercial lidar ceilometers scanning the boundary layer. Proc. SPIE 5571, 364–374 (2004)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Newman, J. F., Bonin, T. A., Klein, P. M., Wharton, S., & Newsom, R. K.: Testing and validation of multi-lidar scanning strategies for wind energy applications. Wind Energy, 19(12), 2239–2254 (2016)CrossRef Newman, J. F., Bonin, T. A., Klein, P. M., Wharton, S., & Newsom, R. K.: Testing and validation of multi-lidar scanning strategies for wind energy applications. Wind Energy, 19(12), 2239–2254 (2016)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Palutikof, J.P., B.B. Brabson, D.H. Lister, S.T. Adcock: A review of methods to calculate extreme wind speeds. Meteorological Applications, 6, 119–132 (1999)CrossRef Palutikof, J.P., B.B. Brabson, D.H. Lister, S.T. Adcock: A review of methods to calculate extreme wind speeds. Meteorological Applications, 6, 119–132 (1999)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Panchang, V., Zhao, L., Demirbilek. Z.: Estimation of extreme wave heights using GEOSAT measurements. Ocean Eng. 26, 205–225 (1999)CrossRef Panchang, V., Zhao, L., Demirbilek. Z.: Estimation of extreme wave heights using GEOSAT measurements. Ocean Eng. 26, 205–225 (1999)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pauscher, L., Hagemann, S., Klaas, T., Callies, D., & Lange, B.: Wind over complex, forested terrain: first year of measurement with 200 m research mast. Proceedings of the EWEA conference. Vienna (2013) Pauscher, L., Hagemann, S., Klaas, T., Callies, D., & Lange, B.: Wind over complex, forested terrain: first year of measurement with 200 m research mast. Proceedings of the EWEA conference. Vienna (2013)
Zurück zum Zitat Pauscher, L., Vasiljevic, N., Callies, D., Lea, G., Mann, J., Klaas, T., Hieronimus, J., Julia Gottschall, J., Schwesig, A., Kühn, M., Courtney, M.: An Inter-Comparison Study of Multi-and DBS Lidar Measurements in Complex Terrain. Remote Sensing, 8, 782 (2016)CrossRef Pauscher, L., Vasiljevic, N., Callies, D., Lea, G., Mann, J., Klaas, T., Hieronimus, J., Julia Gottschall, J., Schwesig, A., Kühn, M., Courtney, M.: An Inter-Comparison Study of Multi-and DBS Lidar Measurements in Complex Terrain. Remote Sensing, 8, 782 (2016)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pauscher, L., D. Callies, T. Klaas, T. Foken: Wind observations from a forested hill: Relating turbulence statistics to surface characteristics in hilly and pachy terrain. Meteorol. Z., prepubl. online (2017) Pauscher, L., D. Callies, T. Klaas, T. Foken: Wind observations from a forested hill: Relating turbulence statistics to surface characteristics in hilly and pachy terrain. Meteorol. Z., prepubl. online (2017)
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen, T.F.: Development of a Classification System for Cup Anemometers – CLASSCUP. Risø Nat. Lab., Roskilde, Report Risø-R-1348(EN), 45 pp. (2003) Pedersen, T.F.: Development of a Classification System for Cup Anemometers – CLASSCUP. Risø Nat. Lab., Roskilde, Report Risø-R-1348(EN), 45 pp. (2003)
Zurück zum Zitat Pichugina, Y. L., Banta, R. M., Brewer, W. A., Sandberg, S. P., & Hardesty, R. M.: Doppler lidar – based wind-profile measurement system for offshore wind-energy and other marine boundary layer applications. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51, 327–349 (2012)CrossRef Pichugina, Y. L., Banta, R. M., Brewer, W. A., Sandberg, S. P., & Hardesty, R. M.: Doppler lidar – based wind-profile measurement system for offshore wind-energy and other marine boundary layer applications. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51, 327–349 (2012)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Piironen, A.K., Eloranta, E.W.: Convective boundary layer depths and cloud geometrical properties obtained from volume imaging lidar data. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 25569–25576 (1995)CrossRef Piironen, A.K., Eloranta, E.W.: Convective boundary layer depths and cloud geometrical properties obtained from volume imaging lidar data. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 25569–25576 (1995)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Powers, J.G., J.B. Klemp, W.C. Skamarock, C.A. Davis, J. Dudhia, D.O. Gill, J.L. Coen, D.J. Gochis, R. Ahmadov, S.E. Peckham, G.A. Grell, J. Michalakes, S. Trahan, S.G. Benjamin, C.R. Alexander, G.J. Dimego, W. Wang, C.S. Schwartz, G.S. Romine, Z. Liu, C. Snyder, F. Chen, M.J. Barlage, W. Yu, and M.G. Duda: The Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Overview, System Efforts, and Future Directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 1717–1737 (2017)CrossRef Powers, J.G., J.B. Klemp, W.C. Skamarock, C.A. Davis, J. Dudhia, D.O. Gill, J.L. Coen, D.J. Gochis, R. Ahmadov, S.E. Peckham, G.A. Grell, J. Michalakes, S. Trahan, S.G. Benjamin, C.R. Alexander, G.J. Dimego, W. Wang, C.S. Schwartz, G.S. Romine, Z. Liu, C. Snyder, F. Chen, M.J. Barlage, W. Yu, and M.G. Duda: The Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Overview, System Efforts, and Future Directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 1717–1737 (2017)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Probst, O., D. Cárdenas: State of the Art and Trends in Wind Resource Assessment. Energies, 3, 1087–1141 (2010)CrossRef Probst, O., D. Cárdenas: State of the Art and Trends in Wind Resource Assessment. Energies, 3, 1087–1141 (2010)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rockel, B., Will, A., & Hense, A.: The regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM). Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 17(4), 347–348 (2008)CrossRef Rockel, B., Will, A., & Hense, A.: The regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM). Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 17(4), 347–348 (2008)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rojowsky, K.: The Global Wind Trends Bulletin. DEWI Mag. 50, 50–54 (2017) Rojowsky, K.: The Global Wind Trends Bulletin. DEWI Mag. 50, 50–54 (2017)
Zurück zum Zitat Rienecker, M., M. Suarez, R. Gelaro, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister E. Liu, M. Bosilovich, S. Schubert, L. Takacs, G. Kim, S. Bloom, J. Chen, D. Collins, A. Conaty, A. da Silva, W. Gu, J. Joiner, R. Koster, R. Lucchesi, A. Molod, T. Owens, S. Pawson, P. Pegion, C. Redder, R. Reichle, F. Robertson, A. Ruddick, M. Sienkiewicz, J. Woollen: MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648 (2011) Rienecker, M., M. Suarez, R. Gelaro, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister E. Liu, M. Bosilovich, S. Schubert, L. Takacs, G. Kim, S. Bloom, J. Chen, D. Collins, A. Conaty, A. da Silva, W. Gu, J. Joiner, R. Koster, R. Lucchesi, A. Molod, T. Owens, S. Pawson, P. Pegion, C. Redder, R. Reichle, F. Robertson, A. Ruddick, M. Sienkiewicz, J. Woollen: MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648 (2011)
Zurück zum Zitat Saha, S., S. Moorthi, X. Wu, J. Wang, S. Nadiga, P. Tripp, D. Behringer, Y. Hou, H. Chuang, M. Iredell, M. Ek, J. Meng, R. Yang, M. Mendez, H. van den Dool, Q. Zhang, W. Wang, M. Chen, and E. Becker: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. J. Climate, 27, 2185–2208 (2014)CrossRef Saha, S., S. Moorthi, X. Wu, J. Wang, S. Nadiga, P. Tripp, D. Behringer, Y. Hou, H. Chuang, M. Iredell, M. Ek, J. Meng, R. Yang, M. Mendez, H. van den Dool, Q. Zhang, W. Wang, M. Chen, and E. Becker: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. J. Climate, 27, 2185–2208 (2014)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schäfer, K., Emeis, S.M., Rauch, A., Münkel, C., Vogt, S.: Determination of mixing-layer heights from ceilometer data. In: Schäfer K, Comeron AT, Carleer MR, Picard RH, Sifakis N (eds.): Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere IX. Proc. SPIE 5571, 248–259 (2004) Schäfer, K., Emeis, S.M., Rauch, A., Münkel, C., Vogt, S.: Determination of mixing-layer heights from ceilometer data. In: Schäfer K, Comeron AT, Carleer MR, Picard RH, Sifakis N (eds.): Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere IX. Proc. SPIE 5571, 248–259 (2004)
Zurück zum Zitat Schäfer, K., Emeis, S., Junkermann, W., Münkel, C.: Evaluation of mixing layer height monitoring by ceilometer with SODAR and microlight aircraft measurements. In: Schäfer K, Comeron AT, Slusser JR, Picard RH, Carleer MR, Sifakis N (eds) Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere X. Proc. SPIE 5979, 59791I-1–59791I-11 (2005) Schäfer, K., Emeis, S., Junkermann, W., Münkel, C.: Evaluation of mixing layer height monitoring by ceilometer with SODAR and microlight aircraft measurements. In: Schäfer K, Comeron AT, Slusser JR, Picard RH, Carleer MR, Sifakis N (eds) Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere X. Proc. SPIE 5979, 59791I-1–59791I-11 (2005)
Zurück zum Zitat Schlünzen, H., Grawe, D., Bohnenstengel, S.I., Schlüter, I., Koppmann, R.: Joint modelling of obstacle induced and mesoscale changes – current limits and challenges. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 99, 217–225 (2011)CrossRef Schlünzen, H., Grawe, D., Bohnenstengel, S.I., Schlüter, I., Koppmann, R.: Joint modelling of obstacle induced and mesoscale changes – current limits and challenges. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 99, 217–225 (2011)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schmid, H. P.: Source Areas for Scalars and Scalar Fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 67, 293–318 (1994)CrossRef Schmid, H. P.: Source Areas for Scalars and Scalar Fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 67, 293–318 (1994)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schroers, H., H. Lösslein, K. Zilich: Untersuchung der Windstruktur bei Starkwind und Sturm. Meteorol. Rdsch. 42, 202–212 (1990) Schroers, H., H. Lösslein, K. Zilich: Untersuchung der Windstruktur bei Starkwind und Sturm. Meteorol. Rdsch. 42, 202–212 (1990)
Zurück zum Zitat Seibert, P., Beyrich, F., Gryning, S.-E., Joffre, S., Rasmussen, A., Tercier, P.: Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height. Atmos. Environ. 34, 1001–1027 (2000)CrossRef Seibert, P., Beyrich, F., Gryning, S.-E., Joffre, S., Rasmussen, A., Tercier, P.: Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height. Atmos. Environ. 34, 1001–1027 (2000)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Senff, C., Bösenberg, J., Peters, G., Schaberl, T.: Remote Sesing of Turbulent Ozone Fluxes and the Ozone Budget in the Convective Boundary Layer with DIAL and Radar-RASS: A Case Study. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 69, 161–176 (1996) Senff, C., Bösenberg, J., Peters, G., Schaberl, T.: Remote Sesing of Turbulent Ozone Fluxes and the Ozone Budget in the Convective Boundary Layer with DIAL and Radar-RASS: A Case Study. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 69, 161–176 (1996)
Zurück zum Zitat Sicard, M., Pérez, C., Rocadenbosch, F., Baldasano, J.M., García-Vizcaino, D.: Mixed-Layer Depth Determination in the Barcelona Coastal Area From Regular Lidar Measurements: Methods, Results and Limitations. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 119, 135–157 (2006)CrossRef Sicard, M., Pérez, C., Rocadenbosch, F., Baldasano, J.M., García-Vizcaino, D.: Mixed-Layer Depth Determination in the Barcelona Coastal Area From Regular Lidar Measurements: Methods, Results and Limitations. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 119, 135–157 (2006)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Steinfeld, G., S. Raasch, T. Markkanen: Footprints in homogeneously and heterogeneously driven boundary layers derived from a lagrangian stochastic particle model embedded into large-eddy simulation. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 129, 225–248 (2008) Steinfeld, G., S. Raasch, T. Markkanen: Footprints in homogeneously and heterogeneously driven boundary layers derived from a lagrangian stochastic particle model embedded into large-eddy simulation. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 129, 225–248 (2008)
Zurück zum Zitat Steyn, D.G., Baldi, M., Hoff, R.M.: The detection of mixed layer depth and entrainment zone thickness from lidar backscatter profiles. J. Atmos. Ocean Technol. 16, 953–959 (1999)CrossRef Steyn, D.G., Baldi, M., Hoff, R.M.: The detection of mixed layer depth and entrainment zone thickness from lidar backscatter profiles. J. Atmos. Ocean Technol. 16, 953–959 (1999)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stiperski, I., Rotach, M. W.: On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159(1), 97–121 (2016)CrossRef Stiperski, I., Rotach, M. W.: On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159(1), 97–121 (2016)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor, P.A., Teunissen, H.W.: The Askervein Hill Project: Overview and background data. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 39, 15–39 (1987)CrossRef Taylor, P.A., Teunissen, H.W.: The Askervein Hill Project: Overview and background data. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 39, 15–39 (1987)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Troen, I.: A high resolution spectral model for flow in complex terrain. Proc. Ninth Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion. American Meteorological Society, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, April 30-May 3, 417–20 (1990) Troen, I.: A high resolution spectral model for flow in complex terrain. Proc. Ninth Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion. American Meteorological Society, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, April 30-May 3, 417–20 (1990)
Zurück zum Zitat Troen, I., Hansen, B. O.: Wind resource estimation in complex terrain: Prediction skill of linear and nonlinear micro-scale models. Poster session presented at AWEA Windpower Conference & Exhibition, Orlando, FL, United States (2015) Troen, I., Hansen, B. O.: Wind resource estimation in complex terrain: Prediction skill of linear and nonlinear micro-scale models. Poster session presented at AWEA Windpower Conference & Exhibition, Orlando, FL, United States (2015)
Zurück zum Zitat Troen, I., Petersen, E.L.: European Wind Atlas. Published for the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, by Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, ISBN 87-550-1482-8, 656 pp. (1989) Troen, I., Petersen, E.L.: European Wind Atlas. Published for the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, by Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, ISBN 87-550-1482-8, 656 pp. (1989)
Zurück zum Zitat Troen, I., Bechmann, A., Kelly, M. C., Sørensen, N. N., Réthoré, P-E., Cavar, D., Ejsing Jørgensen, H.: Complex terrain wind resource estimation with the wind-atlas method: Prediction errors using linearized and nonlinear CFD micro-scale models. Proceedings of EWEA 2014 (2014) Troen, I., Bechmann, A., Kelly, M. C., Sørensen, N. N., Réthoré, P-E., Cavar, D., Ejsing Jørgensen, H.: Complex terrain wind resource estimation with the wind-atlas method: Prediction errors using linearized and nonlinear CFD micro-scale models. Proceedings of EWEA 2014 (2014)
Zurück zum Zitat Tsegas, G., Barmpas, P. Douros, I., Moussiopoulos, N.: A metamodelling implementation of a two–way coupled mesoscale–microscale flow model for urban area simulations. Int. J. Environ. Poll., 47, 278–289 (2011)CrossRef Tsegas, G., Barmpas, P. Douros, I., Moussiopoulos, N.: A metamodelling implementation of a two–way coupled mesoscale–microscale flow model for urban area simulations. Int. J. Environ. Poll., 47, 278–289 (2011)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Hoven, I.: Power Spectrum of Horizontal Wind Speed in the Frequency Range from 0.0007 to 900 Cycles per Hour. J. Meteorol. 14, 160–164 (1957) Van der Hoven, I.: Power Spectrum of Horizontal Wind Speed in the Frequency Range from 0.0007 to 900 Cycles per Hour. J. Meteorol. 14, 160–164 (1957)
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner, R., B. Cañadillas, A. Clifton, S. Feeney, N.A Nygaard, M. Poodt, C. St. Martin, E. Tüxen, J.W. Wagenaar: Rotor equivalent wind speed for power curve measurement – comparative exercise for IEA Wind Annex 32. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 524, 012108 (2014) Wagner, R., B. Cañadillas, A. Clifton, S. Feeney, N.A Nygaard, M. Poodt, C. St. Martin, E. Tüxen, J.W. Wagenaar: Rotor equivalent wind speed for power curve measurement – comparative exercise for IEA Wind Annex 32. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 524, 012108 (2014)
Zurück zum Zitat Walmsley, J.L., Salmon, J.R., Taylor, P.A.: On the application of a model of boundary-layer flow over low hills in real terrain. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 23, 17–46 (1982)CrossRef Walmsley, J.L., Salmon, J.R., Taylor, P.A.: On the application of a model of boundary-layer flow over low hills in real terrain. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 23, 17–46 (1982)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Weitkamp, C. (Ed.): Lidar. Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmos-phere. Springer Science + Business Media Inc. New York. 455 pp. (2005) Weitkamp, C. (Ed.): Lidar. Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmos-phere. Springer Science + Business Media Inc. New York. 455 pp. (2005)
Zurück zum Zitat Wieringa, J.: Gust factors over open water and built-up country. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 3, 424–441 (1973)CrossRef Wieringa, J.: Gust factors over open water and built-up country. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 3, 424–441 (1973)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wieringa, J.: Shapes of annual frequency distributions of wind speed observed on high meteorological masts. Bound.-Lay.Meteorol. 47, 85–110 (1989)CrossRef Wieringa, J.: Shapes of annual frequency distributions of wind speed observed on high meteorological masts. Bound.-Lay.Meteorol. 47, 85–110 (1989)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wulfmeyer, V.: Investigation of turbulent processes in the lower troposphere with water-vapor DIAL and Radar-RASS. J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 1055–1076 (1999)CrossRef Wulfmeyer, V.: Investigation of turbulent processes in the lower troposphere with water-vapor DIAL and Radar-RASS. J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 1055–1076 (1999)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wyngaard, J.C.: Toward Numerical Modeling in the “Terra Incognita”. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1816–1826 (2004)CrossRef Wyngaard, J.C.: Toward Numerical Modeling in the “Terra Incognita”. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1816–1826 (2004)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada, T., Koike, K.: Downscaling mesoscale meteorological models for computational wind engineering applications. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 99, 199–216 (2011)CrossRef Yamada, T., Koike, K.: Downscaling mesoscale meteorological models for computational wind engineering applications. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 99, 199–216 (2011)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou, B., Simon, J.S., Chow, F.K.: The Convective Boundary Layer in the Terra Incognita. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2545–2563 (2014)CrossRef Zhou, B., Simon, J.S., Chow, F.K.: The Convective Boundary Layer in the Terra Incognita. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2545–2563 (2014)CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Quellen für Winddaten
verfasst von
Stefan Emeis
Copyright-Jahr
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22446-1_7