Report on Global Environmental Competitiveness (2013)

Environment is the foundation and support of human existence and survival and the guarantee of sustainable human development; environmental protection has undoubtedly become a common understanding and development strategy of all countries of the world. Now humankind is striving into the historical process of postindustrial society and is trying to reach rebalance with environment in later stage of development. All countries need to perform respective duties and obligations in environment governance, in joint efforts to plan economic development, social progresses and environment protection to realize mutual wins and sustainable development of the world and to create an Earth homeland for harmonious co-existence of humankind and environment.

Looking at environment, economy and social development, to promote sustainable development through global partnership must enhance environmental competitiveness to solve the global ecological environmental crisis. This is not only the premise and foundation to establish the argument of this research, but also where essential value and significance of this research lie in. Whether the sustainable development of human beings needs to enhance environmental competitiveness is an issue related to economic development, environmental protection and government function, and requires profound analysis and argumentation.

Environment and economy are two factors of a system. Between the two there is a kind of both opposition and unity dialectical relations. On the one hand, the environment and the economy are interdependent and closely linked entity. Environment is the basis and conditions for economic development, for any economic activity is under certain environment and resource conditions, environmental pros and cons will play a direct or indirect role in promoting or inhibiting economic development. And economic development, in turn, can provide guarantee funds and technical support for environmental protection and improvement to promote the virtuous cycle of economy and environment. On the other hand, the environment and the economy the environment and the economy are opposite and mutually exclusive to each other. Human has to continue to develop and utilize natural resources in the process of production and living which is bound to have an impact on the environment. Especially after the industrial revolution, with the rapid development of global industrial production and a surge in resource utilization, environment pollution is worsening, which has brought a huge threat to human survival and development, but also limits the further development of the economy.

In order to objectively evaluate the level of GEC and understand all the aspects and internal mechanism of GEC, a comprehensive evaluation of it is necessary, which requires establishment of an indicator system that can objectively and precisely reflect the various aspects of GEC while at the same time looking at the internal structural characteristics of it and can evaluate and analyze it using scientific and logical mathematical evaluation model. Owing to the extensive contents covered by GEC, including ecological environment, resource environment, environmental management, environmental influence and environmental coordination, and the unique internal structural characteristics, it is a rather complex task to establish an indicator system and mathematical model used for evaluation, analysis and research of the GEC. This study has explored to design a scientific and proactive evaluation indicator system and model with reasonable logics and wide visual field and at the same time fitting into the reality of global environment based on the environmental status and facts of 133 countries of the world and their environmental development objectives.

GEC research is a whole new area; there is neither mature research model or methodology, nor existing research contents for reference. Therefore, such researches need to first summarize the related previous researches and then extend the research with more contents and innovation in methodology. GEC is a cross-discipline research involving multiple areas of environmental economics, biology, economics and sociology, which are intricately interrelated; at the same time, we need to rationally define and objectively evaluate GEC, and make innovations in methodology. In this way, we can thoroughly explore the inherent essence of GEC and reveal the laws of GEC evolution. For such a complicated research subject, it requires clear organization and correct research approach, strictly following the designed technical roadmap (See Fig. 5.1) to ensure satisfaction of research standards and quality.

What the tide of globalization brings is unprecedented impact on humankind by global environmental problems and these problems have become the economic, political and cultural problems that restrict human existence and development. It can be said that the humankind is entering the era when the competition begins to focus on environment. This book for the first time introduces Global Environment Competitiveness (GEC) as a new way of weighing competitiveness and demonstrates a nation’s environment competitiveness through five elements, ecological environment, resource environment, environment carrying, environmental management and environment harmony, in the hope of providing reference for all countries to do complete and scientific analysis on environmental situation and to propose environmental development strategy. This part selects 133 countries of the world (See Fig. 6.1) as samples to analyze the distribution and rankings of global and regional environment competitiveness in 2012 so that the development changes, influencing factors and future trends of global competitiveness can be revealed, which will provide helpful reference for realization of sustainable development around the globe.

The GEC scores and rankings of the countries obtained through non-dimensional processing with threshold method and weighted summing only reflect the status of environmental competitiveness of single country. To reflect the physical variance and overall status of the GEC in each country, GEC scores and its distribution as well as the physical difference and balance among the scores need in-depth study and analysis. Figure 7.1 shows the evaluation scores of GEC in 2012 and distribution of such scores.

According to the evaluation indicator system and the mathematic model of REC, the evaluation and analysis are made on REC in 2012. Table 8.1 lists the rankings and scores of REC and the subordinate indicators in 2012 and Fig. 8.1 displays the REC scores of the six continents as well as the top three countries of each continent in 2012.

According to the evaluation indicator system and the mathematic model of EEC, the evaluation and analysis are made on EEC in 2012. Table 9.1 lists the rankings and scores of EEC in 2012 and Fig. 9.1 displays the EEC scores of the six continents as well as the top three countries of each continent in 2012.

According to the evaluation indicator system and the mathematic model of ECC, the evaluation and analysis are made on ECC in 2012. Table

10.1

lists the rankings and scores of ECC in 2012 and Fig.

10.1

displays the ECC scores of the six continents as well as the top three countries of each continent in 2012.

According to the evaluation indicator system and the mathematic model of EMC, the evaluation and analysis are made on EMC in 2012. Table 11.1 lists the rankings and scores of EMC in 2012 and Fig. 11.1 displays the EMC scores of the six continents as well as the top three countries of each continent in 2012.

According to the evaluation indicator system and the mathematic model of EHC, the evaluation and analysis are made on EHC in 2012. Table 12.1 lists the rankings and scores of EHC in 2012 and Fig. 12.1 displays the EHC scores of the six continents as well as the top three countries of each continent in 2012.

The GEC evaluation indicator system is a comprehensive evaluation system composed of 1 primary indicator, 5 sub-indexes, 16 pillars and 60 individual indicators covering five aspects, i.e. REC, EEC, ECC, EMC and EHC. Within this system, every part is closely related, infiltrating and influencing one another and their inherent uniqueness and relevance. Accordingly, the evaluation results of GEC comprehensively represent the development level and competitive strength of the countries in the five aspects of resource environment, ecological environment, environment carrying and environment management. Of course, the environment competitiveness of all countries also show some characteristics and rules, both the general rules universally existing in each country and the special rules determined by the different national conditions.

Since the 1970s, with the increasingly prominent of population growth, resource shortages, energy crisis, food security, environmental pollution, soil degradation, biodiversity destruction and other issues, the global economic developments as well as the human security are under serious threat. The environment protection and the sustainable development become a systems project for all mankind. In 1972, the Club of Rome published “The Limits to Growth”, which marked that the environmental issues had become a common concern of global level. The awareness of environmental issues has increased from the national level to the regional level or even global level. The global environmental issue is not only a natural problem, but it is more a global social problem. In this report, based on the analysis of the global 133 countries or regions for qualifying environmental competitiveness, it reports the great efforts on protecting the environment in different countries and its positive results. Meanwhile, we can see the relative differences on the environmental competitiveness in different countries and their problems, which can provide some enlightenment for human being to response to global climate change, sustainable development.

Under the multiple pressures of traditional development pattern frustration, economic restructuring, industrial technology innovation, etc., the strong will for worldwide economic transition and economic resurgence & growth is driving the countries to explore the new engine to lead economic growth and the new advantage to reshape international competition. Undoubtedly, the development of new energy and clean energy, the response to climate change and the development of green economy become the important breakthrough for the transformation of global economic development pattern, attract antecedent attention in all countries and are highlighted as the focus of global agenda. It is just in the “storm region” of such a focus that the debate and gaming are conducted on environment among the developed countries and between the developed countries and the developing countries. So to speak, to enhance the environment competitiveness will represent a potential and sustaining power of the economic development of a country or region and relate to the sustainable development of the national or regional economy. The international competition in the future will be centered on environment and become the most vital phenomenon in the area of international competition. The strength of environment competitiveness will directly concern the comprehensive strength of the countries and regions in economy, science, etc. as well as the position of them in international competition. To enhance the environment competitiveness will become the necessary choice and action of all countries and regions.

Albania is a country in Southeastern Europe, bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. The coastal lowlands have typically Mediterranean weather; the highlands have a Mediterranean continental climate. And natural resources is poor. Albania has a total area of 27.4 thousand of square kilometers. As of late 2011, the gross population was 3.22 million, with GDP reaching USD 12.96 billion. Based on the index system of global environment competitiveness, comprehensive analysis on factors and indictors indicates that environment competitiveness index of Albania ranks at 31 among 133 countries.

Algeria is an Arab country in the north of Africa, bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Mali and the Mediterranean Sea in the north. And natural resources is rich. To the north, it has a Mediterranean climate and a tropical desert climate to the south. It covers 2,381.7 thousand of square kilometres. It had a population of 35.98 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 188.68 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Algeria ranks at 104 among 133 countries.

Angola is a country in Southern Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean. Most area of Algola has a tropical savanna climate. And natural resources is rich. It covers 1,246.7 thousand of square kilometres. It had a population of 19.62 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 104.33 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Angola ranks at 88 among 133 countries.

Argentina is a country in South America, bordered by Chile to the west and south, Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, and Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast. Its southeast coast is on the Atlantic Ocean. It crosses the subtropical and temperate region. And natural resources is rich. It covers 2,736.7 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 40.76 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 446.04 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Argentina ranks at 66 among 133 countries.

Armenia is landlocked in the South Caucasus. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. It covers 28.5 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 3.10 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 10.25 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Slovenia ranks at 77 among 133 countries.

Australia is located in the southern hemisphere and eastern hemisphere, surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. It crosses the subtropical and tropical region. And natural resources is rich. It covers 7,682.3 thousand of square kilometres. As of late 2011, the gross population was 22.32 million, with GDP reaching USD 1,379.38 billion. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Australia ranks at 21 among 133 countries.

Austria is located in Central Europe. It covers 82.4 thousand of square kilometres, bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Most of Austria is in tropical region. And natural resources is rich. As of late 2011, the gross population was 8.42 million, with GDP reaching USD 417.66 billion. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Austria ranks at 8 among 133 countries.

Azerbaijan is the largest country in the south of Caucasus region, bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south, and bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east. It has a kind of subtropical sub alpine types. And natural resources is rich. Azerbaijan has a total area of 82.6 thousand of square kilometers. As of late 2011, the gross population was 9.17 million, with GDP reaching USD 63.4 billion. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Azerbaijan ranks at 106 among 133 countries.

Bangladesh is a country in South Asia, bordered by India on all sides, Burma (Myanmar) on the southeast and theBay of Bengal to its south. Most of Bangladesh belongs to subtropics monsoon climate region. And natural resources is rich. It has a total area of 130.2 thousand of square kilometers. As of late 2011, the gross population was 150.49 million, with GDP reaching USD 111.88 billion. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Bangladesh ranks at 99 among 133 countries.

Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus has a temperate continental climate and rich in mineral resources. It covers 202.8 thousand of square kilometres. It had a population of 9.47 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 55.13 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Belarus ranks at 83 among 133 countries.

Belgium is a federal state in Western Europe, bordered by Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France, and it also has a coast on the north sea to the west. The Belgian climate, like most of northwest Europe, is maritime temperate. And poor in mineral resources. It covers 30.3 thousand of square kilometres. As of late 2011, the gross population was 11.02 million, with GDP reaching USD 513.66 billion. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Belgium ranks at 25 among 133 countries.

Benin is a country in West Africa. It covers 110.6 square kilometres and bordered by Togo to the west, by Nigeria to the east and by Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It crosses the coast climate, vice equatorial climate and tropical region. And poor in mineral resources. It had a population of 9.1 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 7.29 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Benin ranks at 63 among 133 countries.

Bolivia is located in South-Central America bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. It crosses the sub-tropical and tropical region. And poor in mineral resources. Bulivya has a total area of 1083.3 thousand of square kilometers. As of late 2011, the gross population was 10.09 million, with GDP reaching USD 23.95 billion. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Bolivia ranks at 15 among 133 countries.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country on the Balkan Peninsula, bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast. It crosses the subtropical and temperate region. And poor in mineral resources. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a total area of 51 thousand of square kilometers. As of late 2011, the gross population was 3.75 million, with GDP reaching USD 18.09 billion. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks at 103 among 133 countries.

Botswana is a

landlocked country

located in

Southern Africa

, bordered by

South Africa

to the south and southeast,

Namibia

to the west and north, and

Zimbabwe

to the northeast. It covers 566.7 thousand of square kilometres. It had a population of 2.03 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 17.33 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Botswana ranks at 42 among 133 countries.

Brazil is the largest country in South America and in the Latin America region. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east. It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. It covers 8,459.4 thousand of square kilometres. It had a population of 196.66 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 2476.65 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Brazil ranks at 5 among 133 countries.

Bulgaria is a country located in Southeastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. It covers 108.6 thousand of square kilometres and borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast and Hungary to the northeast. It had a population of 7.35 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 53.51 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Bulgaria ranks at 85 among 133 countries.

Cambodia is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its total area is 176.5 thousand of square kilometers. the gross population was 14.31 million, with GDP reaching USD 12.83 billion in 2011. Based on the index system of global environment competitiveness, comprehensive analysis on factors and indictors indicates that environment competitiveness index of Cambodia ranks at 44 among 133 countries.

Cameroon is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its total area is 472.7 thousand of square kilometers. The gross population was 20.03 million, with GDP reaching USD 25.24 billion in 2011. Based on the index system of global environment competitiveness, comprehensive analysis on factors and indictors indicates that environment competitiveness index of Cameroon ranks at 75 among 133 countries.

Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. Greenland is to the northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is south of Newfoundland. It covers 9,093.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 34.48 million. Its GDP reaches $1,736.05 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Canada ranks at 18 in 133 countries.

Chile s a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. It covers 743.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 17.27 million. Its GDP reaches $248.59 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Chile ranks at 24 in 133 countries.

China is situated in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, bordered by the DPRK to the east, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the west, Russia and Mongolia to the north, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam to the south, India, Nepal and Bhutan to the south and southwest, and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan to the northwest. It covers 932.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 134,413.0 million. Its GDP reaches $73,185.0 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of China ranks at 87 in 133 countries.

Colombia is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. It covers 1,109.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 46.93 million. Its GDP reaches $333.37 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Colombia ranks at 20 in 133 countries.

Congo is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Angolan exclave of Cabaña.It covers 341.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 4.14 million. Its GDP reaches $14.43 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Congo, Rep. ranks at 57 in 133 countries.

Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east It covers 51.1 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 4.73 million. Its GDP reaches $40.87 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Costa Rica ranks at 7 in 133 countries.

Cote d’Ivoire is a country in West Africa. It borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. It covers 318.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 20.15 million. Its GDP reaches $24.07 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Cote d’Ivoire ranks at 102 in 133 countries.

Croatia is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification. It covers 56.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 4.40 million. Its GDP reaches $62.49 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Croatia ranks at 53 in 133 countries.

Cuba s an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. With most of the island south of the Tropic of Cancer, the local climate is tropical, moderated by northeasterly trade winds that blow year-round. It covers 106.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 11.25 million. Its GDP reaches $68.71 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Cuba ranks at 49 in 133 countries.

Cyprus is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus has a subtropical climate – Mediterranean and Semi-arid type. It covers 9.2 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 1.12 million. Its GDP reaches $24.69 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Cyprus ranks at 72 in 133 countries.

Czech is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has a temperate continental climate, with relatively hot summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. It covers 77.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 10.50 million. Its GDP reaches $217.03 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Czech Republic ranks at 47 in 133 countries.

Denmark located southwest of Sweden, with which it is connected by a bridge-tunnel, and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany; Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. It covers 42.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 5.57 million. Its GDP reaches $333.62 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Denmark ranks at 30 in 133 countries.

Dominicans is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The climate of the Dominican Republic is mostly tropical. It covers 48.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 10.06 million. Its GDP reaches $55.61 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Dominican Republic ranks at 60 in 133 countries.

Ecuador a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border with Brazil. It covers 248.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 14.67 million. Its GDP reaches $65.95 billion in 2011.Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Ecuador ranks at 11 in 133 countries.

Egypt is a country situated mainly within North Africa, with its Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia, making it a transcontinental state. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west. It covers 995.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 82.54 million. Its GDP reaches $229.53 billion in 2011.Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Egypt ranks at 107 in 133 countries.

El Salvador is located in Central America. It covers 20,700 square kilometres and borders the Pacific Ocean on the south, and the countries of Guatemala to the west and Honduras to the north and east. It covers 20.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 6.23 million. Its GDP reaches $23.05 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of El Salvador ranks at 59 in 133 countries.

Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa. It covers 101,000 square kilometres and borders Sudan to the west, Ethiopia to the south and Djibouti to the southeast. It covers 101.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 5.42 million. Its GDP reaches $2.61 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Eritrea ranks at 121 in 133 countries.

Estonia is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, which covers 42,400 square kilometres. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and the Russian Federation. It covers 42.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 1.34 million. Its GDP reaches $22.15 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Estonia ranks at 121 in 133 countries.

Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa. It covers 1,000,000 square kilometres and it is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. It covers 1,000.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 84.73 million. Its GDP reaches $30.25 billion in 2011.Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Ethiopia ranks at 111 in 133 countries.

Finland is located in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It covers 303,900 square kilometres. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland. It has a population of 5.39 million and its GDP reaches $263.01 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Finland ranks at 28 in 133 countries.

France is located in Western Europe. It borders Belgium, Luxemburg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra and Spain. It covers 547.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 65.43 million. Its GDP reaches $2,773.03 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of France ranks at 20 in 133 countries.

Gabon is on the west coast of Central Africa. Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean’s Gulf of Guinea to the west. It covers 257.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 1.53 million. Its GDP reaches $17.05 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Gabon ranks at 19 in 133 countries.

Georgia is located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. It covers 69.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 4.49 million. Its GDP reaches $14.37 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Georgia ranks at 58 in 133 countries.

Germany is located in west-central Europe. It borders Denmark, Poland, Czech, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxemburg, Belgium, Holland. It covers 348.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 81.80 million. Its GDP reaches $3,600.83 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Germany ranks at 2 in 133 countries.

Ghana is located in West Africa. It Borders Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. It covers 227.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 24.97 million. Its GDP reaches $39.20 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Ghana ranks at 74 in 133 countries.

Greece is located in Southeast Europe. It borders Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, Turkey to the east. It covers 128.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 11.30 million. Its GDP reaches $289.63 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Greece ranks at 33 in 133 countries.

Guatemala is in Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. It covers 107.2 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 14.76 million. Its GDP reaches $46.90 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Guatemala ranks at 17 in 133 countries.

Guinea is located in West Africa. It shares its northern border with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, and its southern border with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d’Ivoire. It covers 245.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 10.22 million. Its GDP reaches $5.09 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Guinea ranks at 100 in 133 countries.

Haiti is a Caribbean country. It borders Dominican Republic to the east. It covers 27.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 10.12 million. Its GDP reaches $7.35 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Haiti ranks at 98 in 133 countries.

Honduras is located in Central America. It borders Guatemala to the west, El Salvador to the southwest, Nicaragua to the southeast. It covers 111.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 7.75 million. Its GDP reaches $17.43 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Honduras ranks at 16 in 133 countries.

Hungary is located in the Carpathian Basin It is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine, and Romania to the east, Serbia, and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. It covers 90.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 9.97 million. Its GDP reaches $140.03 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Hungary ranks at 65 in 133 countries.

India is located in the South Asian subcontinent. It borders Bangladesh, Burma, and the people’s Republic of China, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan and other countries. It covers 2,973.2 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 1,241.49 million. Its GDP reaches $1,847.98 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of India ranks at 117 in 133 countries.

Indonesia across Asia and Oceania, occupy the principal corner between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, borders on Papua New Guinea, east Timor and Malaysia. The climate is tropical climate, and it is abundant with natural resources. It covers 1,811.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 242.33 million. Its GDP reaches $846.83 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Indonesia ranks at 46 in 133 countries.

Iran is located in southwest Asia, borders on Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq and other countries, and the north-central close to the Caspian sea, south by the Persian gulf and the Arabian sea. The most of the region is desert climate half-desert climate. Petroleum, natural gas and mineral resources are rich. It covers 1,628.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 74.80 million. Its GDP reaches $521.83 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Iran ranks at 110 in 133 countries.

Iraq is located in the Middle East in the southwest of Asia, borders on Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Turkey and other countries. The local climate is tropical desert climate, domestic crude oil and natural gas resources are rich. It covers 434.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 32.96 million. Its GDP reaches $115.39 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Iraq ranks at 131 in 133 countries.

Ireland is on the Irish sea located in the coast of northwest Europe. The west near the Atlantic ocean, the east near the Irish sea, and the south near the Celtic sea. The climate is temperate Marine climate, is abundant with lead-zinc deposit. It covers 68.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 4.58 million. Its GDP reaches $217.27 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Ireland ranks at 51 in 133 countries.

Israel is located in the Levant in the west of Asia, and in the southeast of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders on Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt. The climate is the Mediterranean climate. The soil is infertile and the resources is short. It covers 21.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 7.77 million. Its GDP reaches $242.93 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Israel ranks at 69 in 133 countries.

Italy is located in the south of Europe, borders on France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, closes to Adriatic Sea and the Tyrrhenian sea. The most of the region is a subtropical Mediterranean climate. The natural resources is poor. It covers 294.1 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 60.72 million. Its GDP reaches $2,193.97 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Italy ranks at 32 in 133 countries.

Jamaica is located in North America, the northwest of Caribbean. The East closes to Haiti separating from the Jamaica channel. It is tropical rainforest climate. The main resources are aluminum copper, iron, etc. It covers 11 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 2.7 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 14.4 billion in 2011 Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Jamaica ranks at 35 among 133 countries

Japan is a country in the Pacific island outside the East Coast of Asian continent.

It closes to China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia separating from the East China Sea, the sea of Japan and Okhotsk, and the east near the Pacific. It acrosses the subtropical and temperate zone, and lacks of resources. It covers 365 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 127.8 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 5,867 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Japan ranks at 6 among 133 countries.

Jordan is located in the west of Asia, borders on Palestinian, Israel, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and other countries. The capital of Amman and the western mountain is the subtropical Mediterranean climate, mainly has phosphate, potassium, copper and other natural resources. It covers 89 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 6.18 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 28.8 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Jordan ranks at 120 among 133 countries.

Kazakhstan across the Asian and the Europe, including the north of central Asia and the southwest of Ural which is in the eastern Europe. It faces the Caspian sea, borders on Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and other countries. Its continental climate. The uranium, copper, lead, zinc and chromium are rich. It covers 2,700 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 16.5 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 188 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Kazakhstan ranks at 128 among 133 countries.

Kenya is located in eastern Africa, borders on Somalia, Tanzania, Ethiopia and other countries, and the southeast closes to the Indian Ocean. It mainly is the Savannah climate and the tropical monsoon, which lacks of mineral resources. It covers 569 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 41.6 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 33.6 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Kenya ranks at 90 among 133 countries.

South Korea is located in the south of north Korean which is in the northeast Asian, And all the east, the south and the west sides face the sea. It borders on China, Russia and North Korea. The north region is temperate monsoon climate, and the south is subtropical climate. It lacks of natural resource, so the main industrial raw material depend on import. It covers 97 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 49.7 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 1116 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of South Korea ranks at 64 among 133 countries.

Kuwait located in the northeast of the Arabian peninsula which is in the south-west of Asia, and closes to the northwest of Persian gulf. It borders on Saudi Arabia and Iraq. It is tropical desert climate, and the oil and natural gas resources are rich. It covers 18 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 2.8 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 176 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Kuwait ranks at 124 among 133 countries.

Kyrgyzstan is located in the northeast of central Asia, borders on China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan. It is continental climate, and the deposit of coal, mercury and antimony are rich. It covers 192 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 5.5 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD5.9 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Kyrgyzstan ranks at 123 in 119 countries.

Latvia is located in the west of the plain in eastern European, near the east coast of Baltic sea, and borders on Estonia, Russia, Belarus and Lithuania. The climate is temperate broad-leaved forest climate, and the peat resources are rich. It covers 62 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 2.1 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 28 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Latvia ranks at 36 in 119 countries.

Lebanon is located in southwestern Asia and closes to the east of Mediterranean sea. It borders on Syria and Palestinian. It is tropical Mediterranean climate, and mineral resources is less, mainly is iron, lead, copper and so on. It covers 10 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 4.2 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 40 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Lebanon ranks at 94 in 133 countries.

Lesotho is located in southern Africa, all around for South Africa subtropical steppe climate. It is poor in natural resources, and the economic foundation is weak. It covers 10 thousand square kilometres. It had a population of 2.2 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 24 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Lesotho ranks at 132 in 133 countries.

Libya is located in North Africa. It covers 1.76 million square kilometres bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The climate is mostly dry and desert like in nature. However, the northern regions enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate. It had a population of 6.42 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 31 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Libya ranks at 126 among 133 countries.

Lithuania is located in Northern Europe. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It covers 62,670 square kilometres and borders to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. Lithuania’s climate, which ranges between maritime and continental, is relatively mild. It had a population of 3.03 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 42.7 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Lithuania ranks at 55 among 133 countries.

Luxembourg is a landlocked country in western Europe. It covers 2,590 square kilometres and borders by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has an oceanic climate, marked by high precipitation, particularly in late summer. It had a population of 0.52 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 59.2 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Luxembourg ranks at 48 among 133 countries.

Macedonia is located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It covers 25,220 square kilometres and borders by Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south and Albania to the west. Macedonia has a transitional climate from Mediterranean to continental. There are three main climatic zones in the country: temperate Mediterranean, mountainous and mildly Continental. It had a population of 2.06 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 10.1 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Macedonia ranks at 93 among 133 countries.

Madagascar is located in the Indian Ocean, off the southeastern coast of Africa. It is the fourth-largest island and covers 581,240 square kilometres. Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot. The combination of southeastern trade winds and northwestern monsoons produces a hot rainy season and a relatively cooler dry season. It had a population of 21.3 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 9.9 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Madagascar ranks at 119 among 133 countries.

Malaysia is located in Southeast Asia. It covers 328,550 square kilometres and Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Local climates are tropical rainy climate. It had a population of 28.8 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 287.9 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Slovenia ranks at 50 among 133 countries.

Mali is located in West Africa. It covers 1,220,190 square kilometres and borders Algeria to the north, Niger to the east, Burkina Faso and to the south, Guinea to the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania to the west. Mali’s climate ranges from tropical in the south to arid in the north. Most of the country receives negligible rainfall and droughts are frequent. It had a population of 15.8 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 10.5 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Mali ranks at 130 among 133 countries.

Mauritania is located in West Africa. It covers 1,030,700 square kilometres and is bordered by Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is located in tropical desert climate. It had a population of 3.54 million and domestic production the gross (GDP) of USD 4.08 billion in 2011. Through the evaluation of global environment competitiveness, we can know that the environment competitiveness index of Slovenia ranks at 129 among 133 countries.

Mauritius is located in the southwest Indian Ocean. It borders Madagascar to the east. Mauritius has a tropical climate and it is some of the world’s rarest plants and animals’ home. It covers 2.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 1.29 million. Its GDP reaches $11.26 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Mauritius ranks at 45 in 133 countries.

Mexico is located in North America. It borders on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico is located in the tropics, tropical desert climate covers by the northern parts, tropical rainforest climate covers by southern parts. It covers 1,944 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 114.79 million. Its GDP reaches $1,153.34 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Mexico ranks at 61 in 133 countries.

Moldova is a landlocked nation in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It covers 32.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 3.56 million. Its GDP reaches $7 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Moldova ranks at 115 in 133 countries.

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls. It covers 1,553.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 2.8million. Its GDP reaches $8.76 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Mongolia ranks at 91 in 133 countries.

Morocco is located in North Africa. It borders Spain to the north, Algeria to the east, and Western Sahara to the south. The climate is Mediterranean in the North and in some mountains, which becomes more extreme towards the interior regions. It covers 446.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 32.27 million. Its GDP reaches $100.22 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Morocco ranks at 95 in 133 countries.

Mozambique is located in Southeast Africa. It borders by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. Mozambique has a tropical climate with a wet season and a dry season. It covers 786.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 23.93 million. Its GDP reaches $12.8 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Mozambique ranks at 105 in 133 countries.

Myanmar is located in in Southeast Asia. It borders India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. The climate is tropical monsoon. It covers 653.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 48.34 million. Its GDP reaches $55.34 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Myanmar ranks at 41 in 133 countries.

Namibia is located in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Namibia is located in subtropical and half desert climate with less rain. It covers 823.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 2.32 million. Its GDP reaches $12.3 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Namibia ranks at 73 in 133 countries.

Nepal is located in in South Asia. It borders the People’s Republic of China to the north and to the south, east, and India to the west. Nepal has five climatic zones; broadly corresponding to the altitudes. It covers 143.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 30.49 million. Its GDP reaches $18.88 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Nepal ranks at 56 in 133 countries.

Netherlands locates mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium. The predominant wind direction in the Netherlands is southwest, which causes a moderate maritime climate. It covers 33.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 16.69 million. Its GDP reaches $836.07 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Netherlands ranks at 37 in 133 countries.

New Zealand is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 km east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and the coastline is 15,134 km. It covers 263.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 4.429 million. Its GDP reaches $159.71 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of New Zealand ranks at 4 in 133 countries.

Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. It covers 120.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 5.87 million. Its GDP reaches $9.32 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Nicaragua ranks at 22 in 133 countries.

Niger is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. It covers 1,266.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 16.07 million. Its GDP reaches $6.02 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of The Republic of Niger ranks at 133 in 133 countries.

Nigeria is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. It covers 910.8 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 162.47 million. Its GDP reaches $243.99 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Nigeria ranks at 80 in 133 countries.

Officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the sub Antarctic Bouvet Island It covers 305.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 4.95 million. Its GDP reaches $485.80 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Norway ranks at 3 in 133 countries.

Oman is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. It covers 309.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 2.85 million. Its GDP reaches $7.78 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Oman ranks at 103 in 133 countries.

Pakistan sits in the South Asia, it is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. The coastline of Pakistan is 1,046 km. It covers 770.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 176.75 million. Its GDP reaches $210.22 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Pakistan ranks at 112 in 133 countries

Panama is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. It covers 74.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 3.57 million. Its GDP reaches $26.78 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Panama s ranks at 23 in 133 countries.

Paraguay is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the centre of the country from north to south. It covers 397.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 6.57 million. Its GDP reaches $23.84 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Paraguay ranks at 76 in 133 countries.

Peru is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. It covers 1,280.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 29.40 million. Its GDP reaches $176.93 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Peru ranks at 34 in 133 countries.

Philippines is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. It covers 298.2 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 94.85 million. Its GDP reaches $224.75 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Philippine ranks at 29 in 133 countries.

Poland is a country in Central Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north and Germany to the west, by the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, by Ukraine and Belarus to the east, by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast. It covers 304.2 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 38.53 million. Its GDP reaches $514.50 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Poland ranks at 38 in 133 countries.

Portugal situated on the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. And it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. It covers 91.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 10.56 million. Its GDP reaches $237.37 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Portugal ranks at 43 in 133 countries.

Qatar is located in Western Asia. Its sole land is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. It covers 11.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 1.87 million. Its GDP reaches $172.98 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Qatar ranks at 118 in 133 countries.

Romania is a country located at the intersection of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south. It covers 230.1 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 21.38 million. Its GDP reaches $179.79 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Romania ranks at 68 in 133 countries.

Russia is the largest country in the world, its total area is 1,6376.9 thousand square kilometers. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with 14 countries. The enormous size of Russia and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate and Russia has a wide natural resource base. It covers 1,6376.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 142.96 million. Its GDP reaches $1,857.77billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Russia ranks at 81 in 133 countries.

Saudi Arabia is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, Its total area is 2,149.7 thousand square kilometers, it is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has a desert climate with extremely high day-time temperatures and a sharp temperature drop at night. It covers 2,149.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 28.08 million. Its GDP reaches $576.82 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Saudi Arabia ranks at 54 in 133 countries.

Senegal is a country in western Africa, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south. Its total area is thousand square kilometers. The local climate is tropical with well-defined dry and humid seasons. It covers 192.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 12.77 million. Its GDP reaches $14.29 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Senegal ranks at 62 in 133 countries.

Serbia is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, Serbia borders Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, the Republic of Macedonia to the south, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west. It covers 87.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 7.26 million. Its GDP reaches $45.82billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Serbia ranks at 108 in 133 countries.

Singapore is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia’s Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south.Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate. It covers 0.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 5.18 million. Its GDP reaches $239.70 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Singapore ranks at 86 in 133 countries.

Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe.It covers 48.1 thousand square kilometres and is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. There are four somewhat different climates in Slovakia. It covers 48.1 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 5.40 million. Its GDP reaches $95.99 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Slovak ranks at 13 in 133 countries.

Slovenia is located in South-Central Europe. It covers 20.1 thousand square kilometres and borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast and Hungary to the northeast. Slovenia is located in temperate latitudes. It covers 20.1 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 2.05 million. Its GDP reaches $49.54 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Slovenia ranks at 27 in 133 countries.

South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It covers 1,214.5 thousand square kilometres and borders territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe to the north, Mozambique and Swaziland to the east South Africa has a generally temperate climate. It covers 1,214.5 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 50.59 million. Its GDP reaches $408.24 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of South Africa ranks at 97 in 133 countries.

Spain is located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.It covers 498.8 thousand square kilometres and borders France and Andorra and the Bay of Biscay to the north and north east, Atlantic Ocean and Portugal to the northwest and west, it belongs to Mediterranean – type climate. It covers 498.8 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 46.17 million. Its GDP reaches $1,476.88 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Spain ranks at 67 in 133 countries.

Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. The northern part of Sri Lanka is a tropical grassland climate and the southern tropical rainforest climate. It covers 62.7 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 20.87 million. Its GDP reaches $59.17 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Sri Lanka ranks at 39 in 133 countries.

Sudan is an Arab state in North Africa It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It covers 2,376.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 34.32 million. Its GDP reaches $64.05 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Sudan ranks at 92 in 133 countries.

Sweden is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and it is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Kattegatt. The country can be divided into three types of climate and most of Sweden has a temperate climate. It covers 410.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 9.45 million. Its GDP reaches $539.68 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Sweden ranks at 14 in 133 countries.

Switzerland is situated in western Europe, bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly between the localities. It covers 40.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 7.91 million. Its GDP reaches $659.31 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Switzerland ranks at 1 in 133 countries.

Syria is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. The climate in Syria is dry and hot, and winters are mild. It covers 183.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 20.82 million. Its GDP reaches $64.27 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Syria ranks at 113 in 133 countries.

Tajikistan is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders with Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. It has a temperate continental climate. It covers140.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 6.98 million. Its GDP reaches $6.52 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Tajikistan ranks at 116 in 133 countries.

Tanzania is a country in East Africa, bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. It covers885.8thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 46.22 million. Its GDP reaches $23.87 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Tanzania ranks at 52 in 133 countries.

Thailand is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Burma and Laos to the north, by Laos and Cambodia to the east, by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia to the south, by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma to the west. It covers 510.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 69.52 million. Its GDP reaches $345.67 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Thailand ranks at 79 in 133 countries.

Togo is located in the East and West African countries. It locates in Benin to the east, Burkina Faso to the north, Gamer to the west and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. It covers54.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 6.15 million. Its GDP reaches $3.62 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Togo ranks at 84 in 133 countries.

Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. It covers155.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 10.67 million. Its GDP reaches $45.86 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Tunisia ranks at 82 in 133 countries.

Turkey is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest, Greece to the west, Georgia to the northeast, Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east, Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south, the Aegean Sea is to the west, and the Black Sea is to the north. It covers769.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 73.64 million. Its GDP reaches $774.98 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Turkey ranks at 89 in 133 countries.

Turkmenistan is located in South-Central Europe. It borders Caspian Sea to the west, Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the northeast and Afghanistan to the east, south of Iran. It covers469.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 5.11 million. Its GDP reaches $28.06 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Turkmenistan ranks at 122 in 133 countries.

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Above to the south and southeast. It covers 579.3 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 45.71 million. Its GDP reaches &165.25 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Ukraine ranks at 96 in 133 countries.

The United Arab Emirates is a country situated at the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordered by Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, and sharing sea borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north. It covers 83.6 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 7.89 million. Its GDP reaches $360.25 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of The United Arab Emirates ranks at 114 in 133 countries.

United Kingdom is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. It covers 241.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 62.74 million. Its GDP reaches $2,445.41 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of United Kingdom ranks at 9 in 133 countries.

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising 50 states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. It covers 9,147.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 311.59 million. Its GDP reaches $14,991.30 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of The United States ranks at 26 in 133 countries.

Uruguay is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It borders the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north, and the provinces of Corrientes and Entre Ríos, Argentina to the west, limited by the Uruguay River. To the southwest, lies the estuary of the Río de la Plata. To the southeast lies the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. It covers 175.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 3.37 million. Its GDP reaches $46.71 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Uruguay ranks at 70 in 133 countries.

Uzbekistan is located in Central Asia. It locates in the Aral Sea to the northwest, border the Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. It covers 425.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 29.34 million. Its GDP reaches $45.36 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Uzbekistan ranks at 127 in 133 countries.

Venezuela, RB is located in northern South America countries. It covers 916,400 square kilometres and borders Columbia to the west, Caribbean to the north, Brazil to the south and Guyana to the east. It covers 882.1 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 29.28 million. Its GDP reaches $316.48 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Venezuela ranks at 12in 133 countries.

Vietnam is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east. It covers 310.1 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 87.84 million. Its GDP reaches $123.60 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Vietnam ranks at 101 in 133 countries.

Yemen, Rep is located on southwest end of Arabia Peninsula. It borders Saudi Arabia, Oman on the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden adjacent, and the Arabia sea. It covers 528.0 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 24.80 million. Its GDP reaches $33.76 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Yemen ranks at 125 in 133 countries.

Zambia is located in the south central Africa a landlocked country. It borders Angola to the west, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania to the northeast, Mawlawi to the east and Mozambique to the southeast and Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the northeast. It covers743.4 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 13.47 million. Its GDP reaches $19.21 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Zambia ranks at 40 in 133 countries.

Zimbabwe is located in southeastern Africa inland. It adjacent to Zambia. To the east of Zimbabwe borders all and adjacent Mozambique, southwest Botswana, south exit is a part and South Africa. It covers 386.9 thousand of square kilometers and has a population of 12.75 million. Its GDP reaches $9.66 billion in 2011. Through the index system and evaluation model, the environment competitiveness index of Zimbabwe ranks at 78 in 133 countries.