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2015 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Road Traffic Congestion: A Concise Guide

verfasst von: John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Springer Tracts on Transportation and Traffic

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book on road traffic congestion in cities and suburbs describes congestion problems and shows how they can be relieved. The first part (Chapters 1 - 3) shows how congestion reflects transportation technologies and settlement patterns. The second part (Chapters 4 - 13) describes the causes, characteristics, and consequences of congestion. The third part (Chapters 14 - 23) presents various relief strategies - including supply adaptation and demand mitigation - for nonrecurring and recurring congestion. The last part (Chapter 24) gives general guidelines for congestion relief and provides a general outlook for the future.

The book will be useful for a wide audience - including students, practitioners and researchers in a variety of professional endeavors: traffic engineers, transportation planners, public transport specialists, city planners, public administrators, and private enterprises that depend on transportation for their activities.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Background

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Congestion in transportation facilities—walkways, stairways, roads, busways, railways, etc.—happens when demand for their use exceeds their capacity.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 2. How Transportation Technology Has Shaped Urban Travel Patterns
Abstract
The primary functions of transportation are to facilitate the movement of people and goods and to provide access to land use activities located within the service area.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 3. Historical Perspective of Urban Traffic Congestion
Abstract
Congestion is not new. It predates the industrial revolution, the motor vehicle, and the modern city. It was common in ancient time, in 17th century London, and in 19th century New York. The produce markets, port areas, and downtowns of yesteryear all were overcrowded and congested.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson

Traffic Congestion Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences

Frontmatter
Chapter 4. Overview of the Causes of Congestion
Abstract
Traffic congestion results from the imbalance between the supply of and the demand for transportation facilities
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 5. Concentration of Travel Demand in Space and Time
Abstract
The concentrations of people and their activities (density) in space and in time are a natural consequence of human behavior in urban areas.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 6. Insufficient Capacity, Growth in Population, Employment, and Car Use
Abstract
Traffic demand has spread in post-World War II metropolitan America as a result of changing patterns of where people live and work, and how they travel.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 7. Bottlenecks
Abstract
Travelers and freight movers experience congestion as a result of capacity deficiencies in the roadway system.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 8. Measuring Traffic Congestion
Abstract
Congestion in transportation occurs when the occupancy of spaces (roadways, sidewalks, transit lines and terminals) by vehicles or people reaches unacceptable levels of discomfort and delay.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 9. The Impacts of Congestion on Trip Time
Abstract
Congestion metrics that focus only on network performance (e.g., see Chap. 8) are necessary but not sufficient in addressing the impact of congestion on travelers. Reliance just on network congestion metrics provides only a partial understanding of the congestion problem.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 10. The Impact of Traffic Congestion on Mobility
Abstract
Mobility is the ability of people and goods to travel easily, safely, quickly and reliably. Trip mobility varies with the speed of travel, and it may be defined as the number of trips taken and their distance (trip-miles) within the traveler’s daily travel time and cost budgets. Therefore, lower speeds resulting from traffic congestion reduce mobility
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 11. The Impact of Traffic Congestion on Accessibility
Abstract
Accessibility is a widely used term. In transportation, it can refer to a traveler’s physical or economic ability in using a given travel mode; it can refer to describe a traveler’s access to one or more destination opportunities available within a specific distance, travel time, or travel cost from the traveler’s origin; or it can be used by the marketing department of a retail store chain to describe/quantify the number potential customers within a 20 min travel time to a store.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 12. The Impacts of Congestion on Roadway Traffic Productivity
Abstract
Road productivity can be defined as the throughput traffic volume of a roadway at a given point (vehicles or persons per hour), or as the person-miles or vehicle-miles per hour that can be moved on a roadway segment, or on an area-wide road network.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 13. The Costs and Other Consequences of Traffic Congestion
Abstract
In an increasingly fast paced and globally oriented economy, the efficient movement of persons and goods is a competitive necessity [1]. Traffic congestion adversely impacts quality of life and economic productivity in metropolitan areas. It increases fuel consumption, the cost of traveler and freight movement, the number of crashes, and tailpipe pollutants harmful to human health.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson

Congestion Relief Strategies

Frontmatter
Chapter 14. Overview of Congestion Relief Strategies
Abstract
Keeping congestion manageable is essential, since excessive congestion can adversely affect a community’s livability and economy.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 15. Managing Nonrecurring Congestion
Abstract
Nonrecurring congestion accounts for over half of all traffic delays in the United States [1] and accounts for up to 2/3 of traffic delays in urban areas larger than one million population [2].
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 16. Adaptation Strategies for Managing Recurring Congestion—Operational Improvements
Abstract
Increasing roadway capacity has been the traditional method to cope with and manage traffic congestion. Capacity enhancement strategies generally improve mobility of all road users. Sometimes, however, they are designed to improve mobility of special users—such as high-occupancy vehicles (e.g., carpools and public transport vehicles).
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 17. Adaptation Strategies for Managing Recurring Congestion—Adding New Capacity
Abstract
Most operational improvements provide about modest gains in capacity. Important as they are, they produce short-lived travel time reductions in areas with a growing population and employment.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 18. Overview of Mitigation Strategies that Reduce Traffic Demand
Abstract
Managing travel demand is increasingly recognized as a means of addressing urban traffic congestion—especially in large metropolitan areas. Commonly called “transportation demand management” (TDM), the strategy focuses on reducing the demand for single occupant vehicles. Emphasis is typically placed on reducing vehicle-miles of travel (VMT).
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 19. Direct Demand Strategies—Pricing
Abstract
Pricing strategies have emerged since the 1970s as a means of better allocating road space to reduce congestion and to more equitably cover the costs that road users contribute to the congestion. Congestion (or value) pricing is supported by many economists, planners, and public officials. Within the United States, it has the support of the US Federal Highway Administration.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 20. Direct Demand Strategies—Regulatory Restrictions
Abstract
This congestion relief strategy entails reducing traffic demand through regulatory road use strategies that limit the number and type of vehicles from using roadways or from entering certain areas that become congested when vehicles access is not restricted.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 21. Indirect Demand Strategies—For Employers, Institutions, and Public Agencies
Abstract
The strategies focus on reducing the use of single-occupant automobiles for commuter trips, and in spreading the peak travel periods through work schedule changes. They are generally applied by large employers and large institutions such as medical centers and universities.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 22. Indirect Demand Strategies—Parking Supply and Price
Abstract
Parking supply, location, and price play an important role in managing travel demand and in relieving traffic congestion.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Chapter 23. Indirect Demand Strategies—Land Use, Transit, Alternative Modes
Abstract
This chapter describes strategies that reduce motor vehicle use in urban areas by 1) improving public transportation services (where appropriate) and 2) implementing land use policies that support travel mode alternatives to the automobile.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson

Conclusions

Frontmatter
Chapter 24. Recap and Concluding Observations
Abstract
This book has focused on metropolitan traffic congestion in the US and Canada. Its various chapters have described and analyzed the nature, causes, and consequences of traffic congestion in cities and suburbs, and they have set forth the various strategies and actions that can be taken to provide congestion relief. This concluding chapter summarizes the key findings, gives guidelines for congestion management and illustrates possible applications of congestion relief strategies in different settings.
John C. Falcocchio, Herbert S. Levinson
Metadaten
Titel
Road Traffic Congestion: A Concise Guide
verfasst von
John C. Falcocchio
Herbert S. Levinson
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-15165-6
Print ISBN
978-3-319-15164-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15165-6

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