nach oben

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal

Erschienen in:

01.03.2015

Sex, gender, and individual entrepreneurial orientation: evidence from four countries

verfasst von: A. Banu Goktan, Vishal K. Gupta

Erschienen in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal | Ausgabe 1/2015

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The purpose of the present study is to examine the role of biological sex and gender identity in relation to individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO). Data was collected in the United States, Hong Kong, India, and Turkey. Results suggest that IEO is higher among men and that among both males and females both masculinity and femininity are positively related to IEO. Finally, results show that androgynous identity contributes more to IEO than masculine, feminine or undifferentiated gender identities.

Vorheriger Artikel Entrepreneurial sensegiving and the attention contract

Nächster Artikel Mapping the field of family business research: past trends and future directions

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 204–215.CrossRef

Ahl, A. (2007). Sex business in the toy store: a narrative analysis of a teaching case. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 673–693.

Ahl, H. (2004). The scientific reproduction of gender inequality: A discourse analysis of research texts on women’s entrepreneurship. Libor: Copenhagen Business School Press.

Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621.

Anderson, B. S., & Eshima, Y. (2013). The influence of firm age and intangible resources on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth among Japanese SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 28, 413–429.CrossRef

Ashe, F., & Treanor, L. (2011). Situating the subject: gender and entrepreneurship in international contexts. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 3(3), 185–199.CrossRef

Bajdo, L. M., & Dickson, M. W. (2001). Perceptions of organizational culture and women’s advancement in organizations: a cross-cultural examination. Sex Roles, 45(5), 399–414.CrossRef

Baker, T., Aldrich, H. E., & Liou, N. (1997). Invisible entrepreneurs: the neglect of women business owners by mass media and scholarly journals in the USA. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9, 221–238.CrossRef

Basso, O., Fayolle, A., & Bouchard, V. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation: the making of a concept. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 10(4), 313–321.CrossRef

Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: a measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103–118.CrossRef

Bem, S. L. (1975). Androgyny vs. the tight little lives of fluffy women and chesty men. Psychology Today, 9(4), 58–62.

Best, D. L., & Williams, J. E. (1998). Masculinity and femininity in the self and ideal self descriptions of university students in 14 countries. In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimensions of national cultures (pp. 106–116). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Bird, B. J. (1993). Demographic approaches to entrepreneurship: the role of experience and background. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 1, 11–48.

Bonnett, C., & Furnham, A. (1991). Who wants to be an entrepreneur? A study of adolescents interested in a young enterprise scheme. Journal of Economic Psychology, 12, 465–478.CrossRef

Borna, S., & White, C. (2003). “Sex” and “gender”: two confused and confusing concepts in the “women in corporate management” literature. Sex Roles, 47, 89–99.

Brescoll, V. L., Uhlmann, E. L., Moss-Racusin, C., & Sarnell, L. (2012). Masculinity, status, and subordination: why working for a gender stereotype violator causes men to lose status. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 354–357.CrossRef

Bruni, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3), 256–268.CrossRef

Brush, C. G., & Edelman, L. F. (2000). Women entrepreneurs: opportunities for database research. Databases for the Study of Entrepreneurship, 4, 445–484.CrossRef

Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8–24.CrossRef

Buttner, E. H., & Moore, D. P. (1997). Women’s organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(1), 34–46.

Carter, N., & Williams, M. (2003). Comparing social feminism and liberal feminism. In J. Butler (Ed.), New perspectives on women entrepreneurs. Greenwich: IAP.

Cetindamar, D., Gupta, V. K., Karadeniz, E. E., & Egcrica, N. (2012). What the numbers tell: the impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men’s entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 24(1–2), 29–51.CrossRef

Claes, L., Vandereycken, W., & Vertommen, H. (2005). Impulsivity-related traits in eating disorder patients. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 739–749.CrossRef

Constantinople, A. (1973). Masculinity–femininity: an exception to the famous dictum? Psychological Bulletin, 80, 389–407.CrossRef

Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87.CrossRef

Curley, K. F., & Gremillion, L. L. (1983). The role of the champion in DSS implementation. Information & Management, 6(4), 203–209.CrossRef

De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(3), 323–339.

De Martino, R., & Barbato, R. (2003). Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6), 815–833.CrossRef

Dickson, P. H., & Weaver, K. M. (2008). The role of the institutional environment in determining firm orientations towards entrepreneurial behavior. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 4(4), 467–483.

Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited. Advances in International Comparative Management, 3, 127–150.

Eddleston, K. A., & Powell, G. N. (2008). The role of gender identity in explaining sex differences in business owners’ career satisfier preferences. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(2), 244–256.CrossRef

Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (2001). Gender identity: a multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 37(4), 451–463.CrossRef

Ely, R. J. (1995). The power in demography: women’s social constructions of gender identity at work. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 589–634.CrossRef

Engelen, A., Heinemann, F., & Brettel, M. (2009). Cross-cultural entrepreneurship research: current status and framework for future studies. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 7(3), 163–189.CrossRef

Esnard-Flavius, T. (2010). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial attitude orientations: the case of the Caribbean. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(13), 17–31.

Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. (2000). The relation between gender and emotions in different cultures. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives, 71–94.

Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., & Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151–168.CrossRef

Greve, H. R. (2003). A behavioral theory of R&D expenditures and innovations: evidence from shipbuilding. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 685–702.CrossRef

Gump, J. P. (1972). Sex-role attitudes and psychological well-being. Journal of Social Issues, 28(2), 79–92.CrossRef

Gupta, V. K., & Fernandez, C. (2009). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in characteristics attributed to entrepreneurs: a three-nation study. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15, 304–318.CrossRef

Gupta, V., Hanges, P. J., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Cultural clusters: methodology and findings. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 11–15.CrossRef

Gupta, V. K., Turban, D., Wasti, S. A., Sikdar, A. (2009). The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 33(2), 397–417.

Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193–206.

Hamilton, E. (2013). The discourse of entrepreneurial masculinities (and femininities). Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal, 25(1–2), 90–99.CrossRef

Hansen, J. D., Deitz, G. D., Tokman, M., Marino, L. D., & Weaver, K. M. (2011). Cross-national invariance of the entrepreneurial orientation scale. Journal of Business Venturing, 26, 61–78.CrossRef

Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D. A., & McMullen, J. S. (2009). An opportunity for me? The role of resources in opportunity evaluation decisions. Journal of Management Studies, 46, 337–361.CrossRef

Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: how gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 3–26.CrossRef

Heilman, M. E., & Chen, J. J. (2003). Entrepreneurship as a solution: the allure of self-employment for women and minorities. Human Resource Management Review, 13(12), 347–364.CrossRef

Helmreich, R., & Spence, J. T. (1977). Sex roles and achievement. Psychology of motor behavior and sport, 2, 33–46.

Hisrich, R., Langan-Fox, J., & Grant, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship research and practice: a call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62(6), 575–589.CrossRef

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Hofstede, G. (1998). Masculinity/femininity as a dimension of culture. In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimensions of national cultures (pp. 3–28). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede’s culture dimensions an independent validation using Rokeach’s value survey. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 15(4), 417–433.CrossRef

House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of world business, 37(1), 3–10.CrossRef

House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2004). Leadership and cultures around the world: findings from GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3–10.CrossRef

Hsee, C. K., & Weber, E. U. (1999). Cross-national differences in risk preferences and lay predictions for the differences. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12, 165–179.CrossRef

Hughes, K. D., Jennings, J. E., Brush, C., Carter, S., & Welter, F. (2012). Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 36(3).

Jennings, J. E., & McDougald, M. S. (2007). Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of Management Review, 32, 747–760.CrossRef

Kedia, B. L., & Mukherji, A. (1999). Global managers: developing a mindset for global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 34(3), 230–251.CrossRef

Keiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., Dickson, P., & Weaver, K. M. (2010). Culture influences on EO: the impact of national culture on risk taking and proactiveness in SMEs. Entrepreneurship, Theory & Practice, 34(5), 959–984.CrossRef

Kelley, D. J., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., & Litovsky, Y. (2010). 2010 Women’s report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Available at www.babson.edu/cwl. Accessed Jan 2013.

Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2012). The global entrepreneurship monitor: 2011 global report. Wellesley: Babson College.

Kollmann, T., Chistofor, J., & Kuckertz, A. (2007). Explaining individual entrepreneurial orientation: conceptualization of a cross-cultural framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 4, 325–340.CrossRef

Kolvereid, L., Shane, S., & Westhead, P. (1993). Is it equally difficult for female entrepreneurs to start businesses in all countries? Journal of Small Business Management, 31(4), 42.

Krauss, S. I., Frese, M., Friedrich, C., & Unger, J. U. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation: a psychological model of success among Southern African small business owners. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 315–344.CrossRef

Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., & Weaver, K. M. (2002). Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: a multi-country analysis. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 26(4), 71–94.

Kuratko, D. F. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership in the 21st century: guest editor’s perspective. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(1), 1–11.CrossRef

Langowitz, N., & Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(3), 341–364.

Lewis, P. (2006). The quest for invisibility: female entrepreneurs and the masculine norm of entrepreneurship. Gender, Work and Organization, 13, 453–469.CrossRef

Lewis, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1995). Balancing the work/hone interface: a European perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 5, 289–305.CrossRef

Lim, S., & Envick, B. R. (2011). Gender and entrepreneurial orientation: a multicountry study. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7,1–15.

Lim, S., & Envick, B. R. (2013). Gender and entrepreneurial orientation: a multi-country study. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9, 465–482.

Liñan, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617.

Linstead, S., & Pullen, A. (2006). Gender as multiplicity: desire, displacement, difference and dispersion. Human Relations, 59(9), 1287–1310.CrossRef

Lips, H. M. (2001). Sex and gender: An introduction. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Co.

Manolova, T. S., Carter, N. M., Manev, I. M., & Gyoshev, B. S. (2007). The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs’ human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(3), 407–426.

Marlow, S. (2002). Women and self-employment: a part of or apart from theoretical construct? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 3(2), 83–91.CrossRef

Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 29(6), 717–735.

Menzies, T. V., Diochon, M., & Gasse, Y. (2004). Examining venture-related myths concerning women entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 89.

Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–792.CrossRef

Minniti, M., & Naude, W. (2010). What do we know about the patterns and determinants of female entrepreneurship across countries? European Journal of Development Research, 22, 277–293.CrossRef

Mirchandani, K. (1999). Feminist insight on gendered work: new directions in research on women and entrepreneurship. Gender, Work and Organization, 6, 224–235.CrossRef

Mueller, S. L., & Dato-on, M. C. (2008). Gender-role orientation as a determinant of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 3–20.CrossRef

Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: a nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 51–75.CrossRef

Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1990). Applied linear statistical models. Homewood: Irwin.

Pleck, J. (1983). The myth of masculinity. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Poggio, B. (2006). Editorial: outline of a theory of gender practices. Gender, Work and Organization, 13(3), 225–233.CrossRef

Pringle, J. K. (2008). Gender in management: theorizing gender as heterogender. British Journal of Management, 19, S110–S119.CrossRef

Pugh, M. D., & Wahrman, R. (1983). Neutralizing sexism in mixed groups: do women have to be better than men? American Journal of Sociology, 88(4), 746–762.CrossRef

Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: an assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 33, 761–787.CrossRef

Ridgeway, C. L. (2001). The emergence of status beliefs: From structural inequality to legitimizing ideology. In J. John & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 257–277). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ruble, D. N., & Martin, C. L. (1998). Gender development. Handbook of Child Psychology, 3, 933–1016.

Runyan, R. C., Huddleston, P., & Swinney, J. (2006). Entrepreneurial orientation and social capital as small firm strategies: a study of gender differences from a resource-based view. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(4), 455–477.CrossRef

Sedney, M. A. (1981). Comments on median split procedures for scoring androgyny measures. Sex Roles, 7(2), 217–222.CrossRef

Sherif, C. W. (1982). Needed concepts in the study of gender identity. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 6(4), 375–398.CrossRef

Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F. (2012). Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: the role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(3), 465–493.

Spence, D. P. (1984). Narrative truth and historical truth: Meaning and interpretation in psychoanalysis. WW Norton and Company.

Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 32(1), 29.CrossRef

Stewart, W. H., Watson, W. E., Carland, J. C., & Carland, J. W. (1998). A proclivity for entrepreneurship: a comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners and corporate managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(2), 189–214.CrossRef

Tucker, K. L., Ozer, D. J., Lyubomirsky, S., & Boehm, J. K. (2006). Testing for measurement invariance in the satisfaction with life scale: a comparison of Russians and North Americans. Social Indicators Research, 78, 341–360.CrossRef

Wales, W. J., Gupta, V. K., & Mousa, F. T. (2013). Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: an assessment and suggestions for future research. International Small Business Journal, 31, 357–383.CrossRef

West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1(2), 125–151.CrossRef

Wiklund, J. (1999). The sustainability of the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 24, 37–48.

Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1982). Measuring sex stereotypes. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications Inc.

Zhao, H. S., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1265–1272.CrossRef

Titel: Sex, gender, and individual entrepreneurial orientation: evidence from four countries
verfasst von: A. Banu Goktan
Vishal K. Gupta
Publikationsdatum: 01.03.2015
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal / Ausgabe 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1554-7191
Elektronische ISSN: 1555-1938
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-013-0278-z

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2015

Nicolai J. Foss, Peter G. Klein: Organizing entrepreneurial judgment: a new approach to the firm

Mapping the field of family business research: past trends and future directions

Entrepreneurial intentions: is education enough?

Benchmarking biotechnology industries: A comparative perspective

Location as a competitive advantage for entrepreneurship an empirical application in the Region of Aragon (Spain)

Measurement model in entrepreneurship and small business research: a ten year review

Premium Partner