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2013 | Buch

Smart Hydrogel Functional Materials

verfasst von: Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Über dieses Buch

Smart Hydrogel Functional Materials comprehensively and systematically describes our current understanding of smart or intelligent hydrogel functional materials with environmental stimuli-responsive functions. The contents range from hydrogels (including hydrogel-functionalized membranes) to microgels (including hydrogel-functionalized microcapsules) with various response properties, such as thermo-response, pH-response, pH-/thermo-dual-response, glucose-response, ethanol-response, ion-recognition, molecular-recognition, and so on. Most of the contents in this book represent the fresh achievements of the authors’ group on smart hydrogel functional materials. While all chapters can be read as stand-alone papers, together they clearly describe the design concepts, fabrication strategies and methods, microstructures and performances of smart hydrogel functional materials. Vivid schematics and illustrations throughout the book enhance the accessibility of the theory and technologies involved.

This is an ideal reference book for a broad general readership including chemists, materials researchers, chemical engineers, pharmaceutical scientists and biomedical researchers, who are interested in designing and fabricating smart hydrogel functional materials for various application purposes.

Dr. Liang-Yin Chu is a professor at the School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, China. He is a Distinguished Young Scholar of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and a Distinguished Professor of the “Chang Jiang Scholars Program” of the Ministry of Education of China.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Thermo-responsive Hydrogel Functional Materials

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Structure-Function Relationship of Thermo-responsive Hydrogels
Abstract
In this chapter, the structure-function relationship of thermo-responsive hydrogel materials with various internal microstructures is introduced. The fabrication, microstructure control, and performance of thermo-responsive hydrogels are described. The relationships between the internal microstructures of the thermo-responsive hydrogels and their thermo-responsive and mechanical properties, such as equilibrium thermo-responsive phase transition, dynamic thermo-responsive phase transition, thermo-responsive controlled-release characteristics, and mechanical strength, are discussed systematically.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 2. Preparation and Properties of Monodisperse Thermo-responsive Microgels
Abstract
Monodispersity is very important for the stimuli-responsive microspheres to improve their performance in various applications. In this chapter, several strategies including surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, membrane emulsification, and microfluidics are introduced to prepare monodisperse thermo-responsive microgels. The type of microgels includes both negatively and positively submicron-sized monodisperse thermo-responsive core-shell hydrogel microspheres and micro-sized monodisperse thermo-responsive microspheres and microcapsules.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 3. Flow and Aggregation Characteristics of Thermo-responsive Microgels During Phase Transition
Abstract
The flow characteristics and kinetic characteristics during the phase transition may directly affect the performance of thermo-responsive microspheres in many applications. In this chapter, to probe into the flow and aggregation behaviors of thermo-responsive microspheres in microchannel during the phase transition, the flow characteristics of monodisperse poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microspheres in microchannel with local heating are introduced systematically. Furthermore, the effects of microchannel surface wettability and roughness on the flow behaviors of thermo-responsive microspheres during the phase transition are also introduced. The phenomena show that the microspheres can aggregate together during the phase transition and stop automatically at a desired position in the microchannel by local heating if designed properly, which is what the targeting drug delivery systems expected.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 4. Polyphenol-Induced Phase Transition of Thermo-responsive Hydrogels
Abstract
Polyphenols such as tannic acid (TA) and ethyl gallate (EG) are important substances in food and medical, biological, and chemical fields and are used widely. In this chapter, polyphenol-induced phase transition behaviors of thermo-responsive PNIPAM hydrogels are introduced. Because microgels can respond much faster than macroscale hydrogels to environmental stimuli due to their small dimensions, PNIPAM hydrogel microgels rather than macroscale hydrogels are used to study the phase transition behaviors. Both equilibrium and dynamic phase transition behaviors of monodisperse PNIPAM microgels induced by TA and those of core-shell microcapsules with a PNIPAM shell and a colored oil core induced by EG are introduced.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 5. Functional Membranes with Thermo-responsive Hydrogel Gates
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, fabrication, and performance of functional membranes/systems with thermo-responsive hydrogel gates are introduced. The thermo-responsive polymeric hydrogel gates are either grafted or filled into the membrane pores. The response temperature of the prepared membranes can be regulated by the introduction of hydrophilic or hydrophobic monomers in the comonomer solution. The thermo-responsive gating characteristics of membranes are affected by the grafting degree, length, and density of polymeric gates as well as preparation temperature, etc. In addition, the membranes exhibit a satisfactory thermo-responsive controlled-release characteristics and affinity adsorption/desorption behavior. The results in this study provide valuable guidance for designing, fabricating, and operating thermo-responsive gating membranes with desirable performances.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 6. Functional Microcapsules with Thermo-responsive Hydrogel Shells
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, fabrication, and property of functional microcapsules with thermo-responsive hydrogel shells are introduced. The as-designed thermo-responsive microcapsules can be microcapsules with membranes grafted by poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains or interspersed with PNIPAM microgels as gates, or microcapsules with whole thermo-responsive PNIPAM membranes. Both Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification and capillary microfluidic emulsification are employed to generate the monodisperse emulsions with controllable size, and subsequently the emulsions as template are polymerized into microcapsules. The prepared thermo-responsive microcapsules with membranes grafted or embedded PNIPAM gates display satisfactory reversible and reproducible thermo-responsive controlled-release characteristics, while those microcapsules with whole PNIPAM membranes exhibit prompt and complete temperature-triggered bursting-release characteristics. These thermo-responsive microcapsules are highly attractive for various promising applications, such as site-targeting drug delivery system, controlled release of chemicals, microreactors, biomedical and/or chemical sensors, immobilization of cells and enzymes, and encapsulation of foods and cosmetics.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang

pH-Responsive Hydrogel Functional Materials

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Preparation and Properties of Monodisperse pH-Responsive Microgels
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, preparation, and performance of various monodisperse pH-responsive microgels with pH-responsive swelling/shrinking property or pH-responsive stability are introduced. Monodisperse pH-responsive chitosan microspheres and microcapsules with acid-triggered swelling and decomposition properties are developed using uniform-sized water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions as preparation templates via microfluidic approaches. Monodisperse cationic pH-responsive poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDM) microgels are successfully prepared by dispersion polymerization in ethanol/water mixture using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as the steric stabilizer. Monodisperse cationic pH-responsive PDM microcapsules are prepared via UV-initiated polymerization based on a double initiation system. These monodisperse pH-responsive microgels with good biocompatibility are of great potential as smart drug delivery carriers.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 8. pH-Responsive Membranes and Microcapsules for Controlled Release
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, fabrication, and performance of the pH-responsive composite membrane system and core-shell microcapsule systems with improved controlled-release properties are introduced. The pH-responsive composite membrane system is featured with a high responsive release rate, which is composed of a porous membrane with linear-grafted positively pH-responsive polymer gates acting as functional valves, and a cross-linked negatively pH-responsive hydrogel inside the reservoir working as a functional pump. Two kinds of monodisperse core-shell microcapsule systems with acid-triggered burst release properties are developed by microfluidic approach. These pH-responsive systems provide new modes for smart controlled-release systems, which are highly attractive for drug delivery systems, chemical carriers, sensors, and so on.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang

Thermo-/pH-Dual-Responsive Hydrogel Functional Materials

Frontmatter
Chapter 9. Thermo-/pH-Dual-Responsive Hydrogels with Rapid Response Properties
Abstract
In this chapter, strategies for fabricating thermo-/pH-dual-responsive hydrogels with rapid response properties are introduced systematically. The types of hydrogels include thermo-/pH-dual-responsive anionic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(NIPAM-co-AAc)) hydrogels and microgels and cationic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N’-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) (poly(NIPAM-co-DMAEMA)) hydrogels.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang

Alcohol-Responsive Hydrogel Functional Materials

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Smart Functional Membranes with Alcohol-Responsive Characteristics
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, fabrication, and performance of smart functional membranes with alcohol-responsive characteristics are introduced. The membranes with alcohol-responsive characteristics are either flat membrane grafted with smart gates or core-shell microcapsule membrane composed of smart materials. The critical alcohol response concentrations of these membranes are regulated by simply adjusting the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the grafted polymeric gates in water or controlling the environmental temperature. The PNIPAM-grafted membranes with controllable critical ethanol response concentrations can be efficiently applied to various practical conditions, where the transmembrane permeability needs to be manipulated by the environmental ethanol concentration and operation temperature. The core-shell PNIPAM microcapsule membranes can function as both sensors and actuators by converting alcohol concentration variation into mechanic forces. The results in this study provide potential applications in more efficient fermentation process and may also provide opportunities in cargo delivery in alcoholic environments.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang

Glucose-Responsive Hydrogel Functional Materials

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. Hydrogels with Rapid Response to Glucose Concentration Change at Physiological Temperature
Abstract
In this chapter, a new type of glucose-responsive hydrogel with rapid response to blood glucose concentration change at physiological temperature is introduced. The hydrogel contains 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA) with phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups as glucose sensors and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) as actuators. The response rate of the hydrogel to the change of environmental glucose concentration is significantly enhanced by introducing grafted poly(NIPAM-co-AAPBA) (PNA) side chains onto cross-linked PNA networks for the first time. The synthesized comb-type PNA hydrogels show satisfactory equilibrium glucose-responsive properties. Meanwhile, the hydrogels exhibit much faster response rate to glucose concentration change than normal type of cross-linked PNA hydrogels at physiological temperature. Such glucose-responsive hydrogels with rapid response rate are highly attractive for developing glucose-responsive sensors and self-regulated drug delivery systems.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 12. Glucose-Responsive Membranes and Microcapsules for Controlled Release
Abstract
In this chapter, three glucose-responsive systems with different structures for controlled release, including flat membranes with gates in the pores, hollow microcapsules with gates in the porous shell, and hollow microcapsules with a hydrogel shell, are introduced.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang

Ion-Recognizable Hydrogel Functional Materials

Frontmatter
Chapter 13. Preparation and Properties of Ion-Recognizable Smart Hydrogels
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, fabrication, and performance of the ion-recognizable smart hydrogels with crown ether as ion-recognition receptor and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) as actuator are introduced. Smart responsive hydrogels capable of recognizing heavy metal ions or potassium ion are fabricated with different crown ethers for different purposes. Smart hydrogels with 18-crown-6 as ion-recognition receptor could respond to Pb2+ and Ba2+ due to the formation of 1:1 (ligand to ion) “host-guest” complex; smart hydrogels with 15-crown-5 as ion-recognition receptor could respond to K+ due to the formation of 2:1 (ligand to ion) sandwich “host-guest” complex.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 14. Functional Microcapsules with Ion-Recognizable Properties
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, fabrication, and performance of the ion-recognizable functional microcapsules with crown ether as ion-recognition receptor and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) as actuator are introduced. The microcapsules with different capsule structures and/or different crown ether receptors are developed for different purposes. For the porous microcapsule with ion-recognizable smart gates using 18-crown-6 as the ion receptor, the functional gates in the pores can close by recognizing Ba2+. For the microcapsule with ion-recognizable cross-linked hydrogel membrane using 15-crown-5 as the ion receptor, the microcapsule shrinks isothermally by recognizing K+. For the microcapsule with ion-recognizable cross-linked hydrogel membrane using 18-crown-6 as the ion receptor, the microcapsule swells isothermally by recognizing Ba2+ or Pb2+. These ion-recognizable microcapsules provide new modes for smart controlled-release systems, which are highly attractive for drug delivery systems, chemical carriers, sensors, and so on.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang

Molecular-Recognizable Hydrogel Functional Materials

Frontmatter
Chapter 15. Preparation and Properties of Molecular-Recognizable Smart Hydrogels
Abstract
In this chapter, the fabrication and performance of molecular-recognizable smart hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and β-cyclodextrins (CD) are introduced. The length of the monosubstituted carbon chain of modified CD as well as the categories and concentrations of guest molecules has great effect on the molecular-recognition-induced phase transition of PNIPAM polymers with pendent CD moieties. The increase in the hydrophobicity of hydrogel network leads to a considerable increase in affinity behavior toward guest molecules. Meanwhile, the association site is demonstrated to shift from original β-cyclodextrin at low temperatures to a combination of β-cyclodextrin and the PNIPAM network at high temperatures. The synthesized PNIPAM polymers and hydrogels with pendent CD moieties have the potential to be applied to the engineering of molecular-recognition sensors and switches and also the development of temperature-controlled affinity separation systems.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Chapter 16. Functional Membranes with Molecular-Recognizable Properties
Abstract
In this chapter, the design, fabrication, and performance of smart functional membranes with molecular-recognizable properties are introduced. The membranes are prepared by suspending β-cyclodextrin (CD) host molecules onto the freely mobile ends of thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains grafted in the membrane pores. By virtue of the interaction between the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM chains and association constant of CD toward guest molecules, the membranes based on PNIPAM and CD are demonstrated to chiral separate enantiomers, adsorb/desorb guest molecules, and controlled-release model drug molecules. During the chiral separation, the PNG-ECD-grafted membranes separate D,L-tryptophan enantiomers with a high selectivity and regenerate with a high decomplexation ratio by simply changing the operation temperature. By simply adjusting the operation temperature, the membranes adsorb guest molecules at lower temperature and desorb at higher temperature. Moreover, the membranes with the same functional gate are featured with triple stimuli-responsive gating functions and release the model drug molecules in a controlled manner. The as-prepared membranes based on PNIPAM and CD are highly attractive for chiral separation, affinity separation, and controlled-release systems responding to the environmental temperature and guest molecules.
Liang-Yin Chu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Smart Hydrogel Functional Materials
verfasst von
Liang-Yin Chu
Rui Xie
Xiao-Jie Ju
Wei Wang
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-39538-3
Print ISBN
978-3-642-39537-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39538-3

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