Introduction
Digital learning technologies
Classroom response system
Classroom chat (CC)
E-lectures
Mobile virtual reality
Technology acceptance model
Alignment theory
Expected results
Method
Participants
Study design
Materials
TAM questionnaire
Digital learning technologies
Classroom chat
CRS
E-lectures
Mobile VR
Procedure
Analyses
Results
Analyses of variance (ANOVA)
Partial least squares analyses (PLSA)
CRS | E-lectures | CC | VR | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PU | PEOU | BI | PU | PEOU | BI | PU | PEOU | BI | PU | PEOU | BI | |
PU1 | 0.913 | 0.892 | 0.892 | 0.905 | ||||||||
PU2 | 0.897 | 0.762 | 0.889 | 0.923 | ||||||||
PU3 | 0.851 | 0.852 | 0.897 | 0.936 | ||||||||
PU4 | 0.722 | 0.642 | 0.859 | 0.886 | ||||||||
PU5 | 0.918 | 0.799 | 0.920 | 0.951 | ||||||||
PEOU1 | 0.948 | 0.888 | 0.777 | 0.905 | ||||||||
PEOU2 | 0.942 | 0.921 | 0.938 | 0.951 | ||||||||
PEOU3 | 0.676 | 0.457 | 0.648 | 0.765 | ||||||||
PEOU4 | 0.972 | 0.911 | 0.844 | 0.942 | ||||||||
PEOU5 | 0.909 | 0.937 | 0.865 | 0.929 | ||||||||
BI1 | 0.974 | 0.930 | 0.980 | 0.983 | ||||||||
BI2 | 0.971 | 0.917 | 0.990 | 0.988 | ||||||||
BI3 | 0.976 | 0.931 | 0.983 | 0.983 | ||||||||
BI4 | 0.973 | 0.930 | 0.985 | 0.984 | ||||||||
BI5 | 0.976 | 0.927 | 0.982 | 0.986 |
Tool | Construct | Cronbach’s alpha | Rho A | Composite reliability | Average variance extracted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-lectures | PU | 0.847 | 0.865 | 0.897 | 0.685 |
PEOU | 0.935 | 0.944 | 0.953 | 0.836 | |
BI | 0.959 | 0.960 | 0.968 | 0.860 | |
CC | PU | 0.936 | 0.945 | 0.951 | 0.795 |
PEOU | 0.879 | 0.881 | 0.917 | 0.738 | |
BI | 0.992 | 0.992 | 0.993 | 0.968 | |
CRS | PU | 0.914 | 0.938 | 0.936 | 0.745 |
PEOU | 0.958 | 0.966 | 0.970 | 0.889 | |
BI | 0.987 | 0.987 | 0.989 | 0.949 | |
VR | PU | 0.955 | 0.957 | 0.965 | 0.847 |
PEOU | 0.942 | 0.964 | 0.956 | 0.812 | |
BI | 0.992 | 0.992 | 0.994 | 0.970 |
Tool | PU | PEOU | |
---|---|---|---|
CC | PU | ||
PEOU | 0.476 | ||
BI | 0.809 | 0.367 | |
CRS | PU | ||
PEOU | 0.576 | ||
BI | 0.811 | 0.602 | |
E-lectures | PU | ||
PEOU | 0.415 | ||
BI | 0.852 | 0.19 | |
Virtual Reality | PU | ||
PEOU | 0.311 | ||
BI | 0.912 | 0.318 |
Tool | PEOU—> PU | PU—> BI | PEOU—> BI |
---|---|---|---|
CC | 0.43*** | 0.79*** | 0.00 |
CRS | 0.57*** | 0.66*** | 0.21 |
E-Lectures | 0.35*** | 083*** | -0.10 |
VR | 31*** | 0.88*** | 0.05 |
Tool | Factor | R2 | Sample mean | Standard deviation | T Statistics (|O/STDEV|) | P values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-lectures | PU BI | 0.14 0.63 | 0.15 0.64 | 0.07 0.07 | 1.91 9.58 | 0.03 < 0.001 |
CC | PU BI | 0.19 0.62 | 0.20 0.63 | 0.07 0.06 | 2.94 9.82 | 0.002 < 0.001 |
CRS | PU BI | 0.33 0.63 | 0.33 0.66 | 0.14 0.12 | 2.43 5.15 | 0.001 < 0.001 |
VR | PU BI | 0.09 0.79 | 0.11 0.80 | 0.06 0.04 | 1.68 19.19 | 0.05 < 0.001 |