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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. The Rise of Technocrats: Bureaucratic Elite Transformation in post-Mao China

verfasst von : Xianglin Xu

Erschienen in: Social Transformation and State Governance in China

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

During the 1980s, the bureaucratic elite in the People’s Republic of China underwent a substantive change in the direction of rejuvenation and professionalization. Since the elite transformation program was introduced at the beginning of the 1980s, the post-Mao leadership invested heavily in the enforcement of this program for a decade.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Orientation and Policy Choice of the Political System Reform After the 18th National Congress of the CPC

Nächstes Kapitel Experimental Reform of Grassroots Democracy Under the Party-Controlled Cadre System

Mosca (1939).

Schumpeter (1951), Mills (1956).

Skocpol (1979).

Miliband (1969), Poulantzas (1973).

See Nelson (1978).

See Eckstein (1970), Fischer (1968), Ludz (1972), and Baylis (1974).

See Kautsky (1968, 1969), Donaldos and Waller (1970), Johnson (1970), and Richard Lowenthal, “Development versus Utopia in Communist Policy,” ibid., pp. 33–116.

Cheng and Bachman (1989).

See Mills (1983), Zang (1991), Lee (1991); and Cheng and White (1988) and idem., “Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy,” The China Quarterly, no. 121, March 1990.

For Pareto’s discussion, see Prewitt and Stone (1973); for Parsons’ discussion, see his work, The Structure of Social Action, New York: The Free Press, 1968, 1: 278–288.

Ho (1967).

Putnam (1976).

Bielasiak (1984).

Tsou (1986).

Hamrin (1990).

There are several good discussions about this relation between the top leaders’ personalities and the major policies they prefer, especially in Barnett (1974), and Bachman (1991).

Martine King Whyte has an interesting discussion about China’s leaders’ view on bureaucracy from 1945 to 1980. Whyte finds that these leaders, including Mao (1967), Liu (1945), Zhou (1963), and Deng (1980), shared many similar sentiments on the evils of bureaucracy. See Whyte (1989).

These measures were well documented by Harry Harding for the period up to the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. For his summary analysis of these measures, see Organizing China: the Problems of Bureaucracy, 1949–1976, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981, pp. 329–337.

Ibid., p. 341.

Schurmann (1968).

See Manion (1985), Burns (1987).

These benefits and privileges for the leading cadres include a higher salary, a good place to live, good medical treatment, better education for their children, access to information of policy-making, and so on. As the private economy develops in China during the decade of post-Mao reform, the Party-state is no longer the unique sources of economic benefits. But most benefits and privileges for leading cadres are still not available for ordinary people.

Tang Tsou gives a sophisticated analysis of the practices of this norm from Mao to Deng. See Tsou (1991).

Deng said: “Any collective leadership must have a core. A leadership without a core is unreliable. The core of the collective leadership of the first generation was Chairman Mao. Because of having Mao as the core of the leadership, the “Cultural Revolution” did not overthrow the Communist Party. In the second generation, I am in reality the core. Because there is this core, even the removal of two leaders [i.e., Hu Yaobang in 1987 and Zhao Ziyang in 1989] has not affected the leadership of the Party. The Party’s leadership has been stable from the beginning to the end. To start the collective leadership of the third generation [we] also need a core. All comrades in this room should understand and handle this matter with highly consciousness. [We] must consciously uphold the core, who is Jiang Zeming approved by all of us.” Deng Xiaoping Wenxuan Vol. III, p. 310.

A. Doak Barnett, Cadres, Bureaucracy, and Political Power, pp. 18–19.

Goldstein (1991).

For the detail of the 1984 nomenklatura reform, see Burns (1987).

Qiao (1985).

Avery Goldstein, From Bandwagon to Balance-of-Power Politics, p. 119.

Lindblom (1977).

Silberman (1993).

A. Doak Barnett, Uncertain Passage: China’s Transition to the Post-Mao Era, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1974, Chapter 1.

Alexander Eckstein, “Economic Development and Political Change in Communist System,” in World Politics, 22, July 1970.

Avery Goldstein, From Bandwagon to Balance-of-Power Politics: Structural Constraints and Politics in China, 1949–1978, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991, p. 115–116.

Bernard S. Silberman, Cages of Reason: The Rise of the Rational State in France, Japan, the United States, and Great Britain, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 55.

Carol Lee Hamrin, China and the Challenge of the Future: Changing Political Patterns, Boulder, San Francisco & London: Westview Press, 1990, p. 1–3.

Chalmers Johnson, “Comparative Communist Nations,” in Johnson, ed. Change in Communist Systems, Stanford University Press, 1970, p. 1–32.

Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World Political-Economic System, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1977, p. 65.

Cheng Li and David Bachman, “Localism, Elitism, and Immobilism: Elite Formation and Social Change in Post-Mao China,” in World Politics, Vol. XIII, no. 1 (October, 1989), p. 64–65.

Cheng Li and Lynn White, “The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: From Mobilizater to Managers,” Asian Survey, April 1988.

David Bachman, Bureaucracy, Economy, and Leadership in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, Chapter 7.

Deniel N. Nelson, “Political Convergence: An Empirical Assessment,” in World Politics, 30, 1978, p. 411–432.

Franz Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China, University of California Press, 1968, p. 51–52.

Gaetano Mosca, The Ruling Class, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939.

George Fischer, The Soviet System and Modern Society, New York: Atherton Press, 1968.

Jack Bielasiak, “Elite Studies and Communist System,” in Ronals H. Linden and Bert A. Rockman, eds., Elite Studies and Communist Politics: Essays in Memory of Carl Beck, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984, p. 116.

John H. Kautsky, Communism and the Politics of Development: Persistent Myths and Changing Behavior, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1968.

John Kautsky, “Revolutionary and Managerial Elite in Modernizing Regimes,” in Comparative Politics, I, No. 4, July 1969, p. 441–467.

John P. Burns, “China’s Nomenklatura System,” in Problems of Communism, 36, no. 5, Sept-Oct. 1987, p. 36–51.

Joseph Schumpeter, Imperialism, Social Classes, Cleveland: World Publishing, 1951.

Kenneth Prewitt and Alan Stone, The Ruling Elites: Elite Theory, Power, and American Democracy, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1973, Chapter 7.

Lee Hongyun, “China’s 12^th Central Committee: Rehabilitated Cadres and Technocrats,” Asian Survey, June 1983 and From Revolutionary Cadre to Party Technocrats in Socialist China, University of California Press, 1991.

Melanie Manion, “The Cadre Management System, Post-Mao: The Appointment, Promotion, Transfer, and Removal of Party and State Leaders,” in The China Quarterly, no. 102, June 1985, p. 203–233.

Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes, London: New Left Books, 1973.

Peter Ludz, The Changing Party Elite in East Germany, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972.

Ping-ti Ho, The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368–1911, New York: Columbia University Press, 1967, p. 259.

Qiao Shi, “Dangqian Zuzhi Gongzuo de Jige Wenti,” in ZGTX, Supplement Issue no. 8, 1985, p. 212.

Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society, New York: Basic Books, 1969.

Robert H. Donaldos and Derek J. Waller, Stasis and Change in Revolutionary Elites: A Comparative Analysis of the 1956 Party Central Committees in China and the USSR, Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, 1970, p. 621–627.

Robert Putnam, The Comparative Study of Political Elites, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976, p. 171.

Tang Tsou, The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective, The University of Chicago Press, 1986, p. 152–153.

Theda Skocpol, State and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China, Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Thomas A. Baylis, The Technical Intelligentsia and the East German Elite, University of California Press, 1974.

Tsou, “The Tian’anmen Tragedy: the State-Society Relationship, Choices, and Mechanisms in Historical Perspective,” in Brantly Womack, ed., Contemporary Chinese Politics in Historical Perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 284–295.

Whyte, “Who Hates Bureaucracy? A Chinese Puzzle,” in Victor Nee, ed. Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and East Europe, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989, p. 235–239.

William de B. Mills, “Generational Change in China,” Problems of Communism, no. 32 (November-December, 1983).

Wright C. Mills, The Power Elite, New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.

Zang Xiaowei, “Elite Formation and the Emergence of the Bureaucratic-Technocracy in Past-Mao China,” Asian Survey, June 1991.

Titel: The Rise of Technocrats: Bureaucratic Elite Transformation in post-Mao China
verfasst von: Xianglin Xu
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Social Transformation and State Governance in China
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4020-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-4021-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4021-9_6

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