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2019 | Buch

Introduction: I Will Not Ban Anything Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

The United Nations under Ban Ki-moon

Give Diplomacy a Chance

verfasst von: Dr. Marcel Jesenský

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book chronicles the story of the United Nations under Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in the decade 2007–2016. Marcel Jesenský provides a compelling account of the organization’s activities and Ban Ki-moon’s role in reconciling the aims, principles and prerogatives of his office, the organization and its Charter with the demands, interests and power of the member states. Today, as never before, the concept of the post–World War II multilateral framework of international relations tries to harmonize the claims for its reform and re-evaluation with growing demands to manage the globalized world. This work, invaluable for readers interested in global governance, multilateral diplomacy, the United Nations and international relations, presents its subject in historical context and provides answers to assist its understanding.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction: I Will Not Ban Anything
Abstract
Korean diplomat Ban Ki-moon became the first Secretary-General from East Asia on 1 January 2007, at a daunting time for international affairs. Ban Ki-moon desired to inject new momentum into the search for peace and stability in the Middle East, Afghanistan, Iraq, and to address the challenges posed by Darfur and Somalia, and the status of Kosovo. As a “middle of the road” man, as taught by Confucius, Ban Ki-moon tried to maintain harmonious relations in dealing with international affairs. His leadership style and results received criticism, but the Secretary-General was vindicated by the public support and acclamations by UN Member States for preserving the integrity of his office.
Marcel Jesenský

International Cooperation and Multilateralism

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. Development for All: We Still Can
Abstract
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted by all the world’s governments in 2000, became the highlight of the United Nations development agenda to build a more equitable, wealthier and more secure world for all. The chapter explores how UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon used successfully his bully pulpit in 2007–2016 to spur the momentum and to bring Member States to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Taking initiative, Ban Ki-moon succeeded in laying foundations for an ambitious and transformative development agenda for the United Nations for 2015–2030.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 3. Climate Change: Future in Our Hands
Abstract
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon considered climate change a pressing global problem with a strong impact on international peace and security. Ban Ki-moon took leadership on the issue and brought it back to the UN process. Through a series of high-level events, he succeeded to translate the growing scientific consensus on climate change into broad political consensus for action. Using the power of his bully pulpit, the Secretary-General succeeded in mobilizing the momentum to reach an ambitious global climate deal, the 2015 Paris Agreement, signed in New York in April 2016 by an unprecedented number of 175 countries.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 4. Ebola Virus: A Test of Multilateralism
Abstract
The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa in the spring of 2014 set off a human tragedy that would take more than 11,000 lives, create worldwide fear and require the mobilization of a global response. Ebola was one of the most serious health challenges ever faced by the UN and growing humanitarian, developmental and security crisis. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon mobilized for action the whole UN System as the outbreak became a test of multilateralism’s effectiveness. The United Nations deployed its Mission for Ebola Emergency Response to deal with a global threat in solidarity with the affected countries.
Marcel Jesenský

The Regional Impact on Global Security

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. DRC: Enormous and Complex Expectations
Abstract
The UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) was the largest and most expensive UN peacekeeping operation. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon recognized the importance of the DRC to peace, stability and development in Africa. The DRC could play a central and pivotal role in stabilizing Africa, but its enormous challenges required the support of the international community led by the United Nations. In June 2010, Ban Ki-moon inaugurated UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) mark a new stage in the life of the country and its partnership with the United Nations.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 6. Sudan—South Sudan—Darfur: On the Road to Lasting Peace
Abstract
Africa’s longest-running civil war in Sudan ended in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). The ceasefire opened the way for an internationally monitored referendum in South Sudan and the deployment of the UN-African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon made Sudan, and Darfur in particular, his top priorities. Following the referendum, South Sudan formally separated from Sudan in 2011 and the United Nations established the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS). Despite all efforts, however, the peace process in Darfur remained very slim. The internal fighting in South Sudan in 2011–2016 brought the country and the entire region on the brink of a humanitarian catastrophe.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 7. Afghanistan: Stories of Resilience and Accomplishment
Abstract
After decades of conflict, Afghanistan remained a challenge for the United Nations and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) and NATO-led international military forces facilitated the country’s transition, but the anti-Government elements, the Taliban and related armed groups were far from defeated. The Taliban and insurgent groups bore responsibility for the high toll of deaths and injuries, but Government and international forces also caused civilian casualties. Ban Ki-moon galvanized the international community’s assistance to Afghanistan but recognized that the situation was precarious, and he urged more political dialogue.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 8. Iraq: Trying to Turn a Page
Abstract
Iraq has taken much of the UN Security Council’s time over the 1990–2006 period. In 2007, Iraqis faced political, sectarian and criminal violence, the insurgents, extremists and terrorists tried to destabilize the Iraqi Government, and force the US-led Multinational Force to withdraw. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon described the crisis in Iraq as a humanitarian emergency as the country remained an extremely complex operating environment for the United Nations. In 2013, the Governments in Iraq and Syria faced the Al-Qaida affiliated organizations, the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) or Da’esh, and Jabhat al Nusra and their terrorist threat to the region became reality.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 9. Libya: What Went Wrong in 2011?
Abstract
In the spring of 2011, the events in Bahrain, Libya, Yemen and other countries, the Arab Awakening/Arab Spring, brought reports of escalating violence and heavy-handed response of authorities. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urged Colonel Muammar al-Qadhafi to stop violence and to start the transition to a new democratic system of governance in Libya. The Security Council made a historic decision and invoked its responsibility to protect civilians from violence. Whatever the initial intention, NATO air strikes caused great controversy, deteriorating humanitarian situation, destruction, civilian casualties and regime change. Libya descended into an unprecedented violence between rival armed formations and became a launch pad for thousands of migrants.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 10. Syria: Khalas, Enough
Abstract
The anti-Government demonstrations and violence in Syria started in March 2011 during the Arab Awakening/Arab Spring. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s action on Syria remained under a shadow of the regime change in Libya, he remained cautious of going down the same road. Kofi Annan’s six-point peace plan left President Assad’s future for to the Syrians, making the plan unacceptable to the opposition. Syria was caught in a regional proxy war; Al-Qaida was fighting alongside the opposition in Syria. The reports of the alleged use of chemical weapons shocked, but the hopes for a political solution failed. In December 2016, the Syrian forces took back eastern Aleppo from Al-Nusra Front and the Security Council unanimously endorsed a countrywide ceasefire and launching negotiations.
Marcel Jesenský

Challenges to the Post-Cold War Security Architecture

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. Kosovo: Obviously a Delicate Matter
Abstract
The United Nations administered Serbia’s Kosovo through the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since 1999. In 2005–2006, Martti Ahtisaari, mediated talks between Belgrade and Priština, to reconcile Kosovo’s Albanian majority’s desire for separation from Serbia with Belgrade’s decentralized coexistence of Serbs and Albanians. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon fully supported Ahtisaari’s plan for Kosovo’s independence, insisting that Kosovo was a sui generis issue and that its resolution would not create any precedent. Kosovo’s unilateral independence in 2008 left the Security Council sharply divided over its adherence to resolution 1244, which guaranteed Serbia’s territorial sovereignty.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 12. Georgia: A New Dividing Line
Abstract
The UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) was established in 1993 to monitor ceasefire and facilitate dialogue between the Government of Georgia and its breakaway province of Abkhazia. Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence in 2008 exacerbated the increasingly volatile international and local context of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict. On 7–8 August 2008 Georgia undertook a military action in South Ossetia, its another breakaway province. Georgia’s military action was met with force by Russia and the situation threatened peace and stability in the entire region. Russia recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states and ended the mandate of UNOMIG. Georgia considered Abkhazia’s and South Ossetia’s declarations of independence illegal. The chapter argues that Ban Ki-moon’s role had only a marginal impact on the events.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 13. Ukraine: Time for Cool Heads to Prevail
Abstract
In 2014, the signing of an association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union provoked deep political crisis, violent clashes and fatalities in Kyiv. Ban Ki-moon appealed for peaceful dialogue between President Viktor Yanukovych and opposition leaders. The events in Kyiv polarized the country and led to a mounting separatist movement in the south-east of the country. Crimea, a part of Russia until 1954, unilaterally seceded from Ukraine. The situation deteriorated with secessionist moves in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions and the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 crash in eastern Ukraine. The diplomatic talks in February 2015 led to the Minsk agreements on a political settlement of the conflict, but the situation remained volatile and it could develop into a “protracted conflict.”
Marcel Jesenský

Multilateral Diplomacy

Frontmatter
Chapter 14. Iran’s Nuclear Programme: A Triumph of Diplomacy
Abstract
Iran’s resumption of uranium enrichment-related activities and its suspension of cooperation with the IAEA led to the Security Council sanctions on the country. Simultaneously, China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States and Germany, the “P5+1”, supported by the European Union, called for negotiations. In 2009, the United States reviewed its policy towards Iran. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon maintained that the onus was on the Iranian side, to fully cooperate and to prove the peaceful nature of its nuclear programme. In 2015, the P5+1 countries and Iran reached a comprehensive solution to the Iranian nuclear issue, a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), endorsed by the Security Council. Ban Ki-moon welcomed the agreement as a triumph of diplomacy and cooperation over confrontation and mistrust.
Marcel Jesenský
Chapter 15. The Middle East Peace Process: A Can Is Kicked Down an Endless Road
Abstract
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon pledged to re-inject momentum in the search for peace in the Middle East. The decade of 2007–2016 saw achievements, but also missed opportunities. The admission of Palestine to the UN as a non-member Observer State in 2012, repeated failed attempts by the United States at reaching a final resolution and the Security Council passivity on the Middle East peace process. Ban Ki-moon was saddened to end his tenure as Secretary-General with no sense of optimism for the future on the question of Palestine. In 2016, the Security Council adopted resolution 2334 (2016) demanding complete cessation of all settlement activities. Ban Ki-moon welcomed the resolution 2334 (2016) as a significant step, demonstrating the Council’s much-needed leadership.
Marcel Jesenský

Conclusion

Frontmatter
Chapter 16. Conclusion: The United Nations Matters
Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the decade 2007–2016 through the 14 selected activities. It reviews the achievements, shortcomings or failures of the United Nations and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s role. The chapter indicates Ban Ki-moon’s disappointments and accomplishments. The chapter identifies Ban Ki-moon as a responsible and accomplished managerial Secretary, more Secretary than a General, fully aware and respectful of the contextual constraints set up by the Member States. Overall, the United Nations under his watch continued to deliver results, although sometimes progress has been too slow and uneven. The Organization and its Secretary-General have much work still to do, and they need to do more and to do it better to prevent the Organization to slip to the sidelines of international politics.
Marcel Jesenský
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
The United Nations under Ban Ki-moon
verfasst von
Dr. Marcel Jesenský
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-12220-1
Print ISBN
978-3-030-12219-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12220-1

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