Towards a Conceptual Framework to Mitigate Dropout Risk in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in Higher Education Institutions

The problem of student attrition or better known as a dropout from completing courses in tertiary education institutions become more alarming, especially in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Current research has stressed that one of the critical factors that contribute to students’ attrition is academic difficulties. Students were found to be poorly prepared for learning activities, lack self-regulation skills, weak academic knowledge and specific study skills that could impede progress towards learning goals. However, the reason behind this phenomenon is still unexplained and the evidence in the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) context is still scarce. Therefore, such difficulties signify the needed to understand in-depth students’ experiences and motivations to allow for a better understanding of the issues and challenges faced by the students particularly in ODL learning and delivery. In the nutshell, this study is expected to provide a robust theoretical framework to mitigate dropout risk as well as to offer practical guidelines to assist students learning throughout the completion of university courses.