Microgel particles
Microgel synthesis
“Bottom-up” approaches
Homogeneous nucleation, emulsion polymerisation and precipitation polymerisation
Emulsification
Complex formation
“Top-down” approaches
Cellulose microgels (CMGs)
Preparation of cellulose particles and cellulose microgel particles
Solubilisation of cellulose
Acid hydrolysis
Cellulose solvents
Ionic liquids
Ionic liquid | Type of cellulose (DP) | Dissolving capacity (wt.%) | Temperature (°C) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
EmimAca | Long fibres, C 6663 | 10 | > 40 | Fryczkowska et al. (2018) |
Avicel PH-101 (180) | 15 | 80 | Lovell et al. (2010) | |
MCC (220) | 18 | 80 | Song et al. (2011) | |
MCC (220) | 15.1 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
EmimClb | MCC Avicel (<350) | 5 | 90 | Zavrel et al. (2009) |
BmimAcc | Linter cellulose | 10 | 100 | Liu et al. (2015) |
MCC (220) | 9.5 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
BmimCld | MCC (ca. 350) | 10 | 100 | Rajeev et al. (2018) |
Dissolving pulp (ca. 1000) | 3 | 70 | Swatloski et al. (2002) | |
Avicel PH-101 (180) | 10 | 80 | Sescousse et al. (2010) | |
MCC (220) | < 10 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
Dissolving Pulp (ca. 1000) | 10 | 100 | Swatloski et al. (2002) | |
AmimAce | MCC (220) | 11.6 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2016) |
AmimClf | MCC (220) | 14.5 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2016) |
Dissolving pulp (ca. 1000) | 14.5 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2005) | |
MCC (ca. 350) | 20 | 100 | Rajeev et al. (2018) | |
HmimAcg | MCC (220) | 7.1 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2016) |
Dissolving pulp (ca. 1000) | 5 | 100 | Swatloski et al. (2002) | |
OmimAch | MCC (220) | 4.5 | 80 | Zhang et al. (2016) |
Dissolving pulp (ca. 1000) | Slightly Soluble | 100 | Swatloski et al. (2002) |
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)
ILs from renewable feedstocks
Cellulose reprecipitation
Cellulose particles
Cellulose gels
Microgels as stabilisers for emulsions
Emulsion systems
Size, morphology and packing of microgels interfaces
Stability of microgel-stabilized emulsions
Aqueous versus non-aqueous microgels
Controlling emulsion type
Regenerated cellulose as an emulsion stabiliser
Cellulose particles in emulsion stabilisation
Cellulose microgels in emulsion stabilisation
Emulsion type | Description of emulsifier | Droplet size (μm) | Stability | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
O/W | CNCs | Ca. 4a | Several months | Kalashnikova et al. (2011) |
O/W | CNCs | Ca. 4a | Not reported | Cherhal et al. (2016) |
O/W | CNCs | 0.5–2 | 15 days | Esparza et al. (2020) |
O/W | CNCs/CNFs | ca. 2.2a | 7 months | Bai et al. (2018) |
O/W | Nanocellulose particles | 5–25 | At least 3 months | Ni et al. (2020) |
O/W | Nanocellulose particles | ca. 1–10 | At least 24 h | Buffiere et al. (2017) |
O/W | Cellulose nanofibers | 10b | At least 2 days | Li et al. (2020) |
O/W | MFC | 1–11a | 80 days | Winuprasith and Suphantharika (2015) |
O/W | Cellulose particles (amorphous) | 20–40a | Up to 3 months | Jia et al. (2015) |
O/W | Cellulose “film” | 2.6–4.9c | Over 1 year | Costa et al. (2019b) |
O/W | Regenerated cellulose particles | 10–30d | At least 24 h | Li et al. (2018b) |
O/W | Milled cellulose particles | 40–60 | At least 1 month | Lu et al. (2018) |
O/W | Cellulose hydrogel dispersion | 0.400–4e | Not reported | Alfassi et al. (2019) |
O/W | Cellulose hydrogel dispersion | 0.2–20 | Up to 1 year | Rein et al. (2012) |
O/W | Cellulose hydrogel dispersion | ca. 20 | More than 3 months | Napso et al. (2016) |
O/W | Cellulose gel dispersion | 5–30 | More than 60 days | Zhu et al. (2017) |
O/W | Cellulose gel | 0.4–3 | Up to several months | Napso et al. (2018) |
W/O | Cellulose hydrogel dispersion | Not reported | Several months | Rein et al. (2012) |
W/O | Cellulose microgel dispersion | 1–10 | > 1 month | Lefroy et al. (2020) |