Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
ATZ-Fachkongress

Chassis.tech plus 2024


4 Kongresse in einer Veranstaltung

Treffen Sie in München die Fachleute von Chassis, Lenkung, Bremsen sowie Reifen/Räder.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis
Erschienen in: Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 6/2021

15.11.2021 | Technical Article

Microstructure Analysis of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting Process

verfasst von: Ismat Ara, Fardad Azarmi, X. W. Tangpong

Erschienen in: Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis | Ausgabe 6/2021

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Selective laser melting (SLM) is used to fabricate nearly fully dense 316L stainless steel (SS) samples in this study. A variety of advanced characterization techniques were conducted to identify dominant phases, important crystallographic features, microstructural features, and elemental composition. Porosity of the sample was found to be 0.02% which is the lowest porosity content reported for SLM-processed 316L SS. Microstructural analysis exhibits some columnar grains with epitaxial growth representing complete adhesion between the layers. Existence of some fine cellular grains inside the melt pools is an indication of rapid solidification during the printing process. The strength of this study lies in the addition of new crystallographic information such as lattice parameters of SLM-processed 316L. Finally, using information obtained from the literature, it was possible to better understand the effect of chosen process parameters to achieve nearly fully dense material in the present study.
Vorheriger Artikel Metallurgical and Technological Characterization of a Lombard Seax from North Italy
Nächster Artikel Effect of Double Quenching–Tempering on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HSLA-100

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Literatur
1.
L. Thijs, F. Verhaeghe, T. Craeghs, J.V. Humbeeck, J.P. Kruth, A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V. Acta Mater. 58(9), 3303–3312 (2010)CrossRef
2.
Q. Jia, D. Gu, Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of inconel 718 superalloy parts: densification microstructure and properties. J. Alloys Compd. 585, 713–721 (2014)CrossRef
3.
I. Yadroitsev, L. Thivillon, Ph. Bertrand, I. Smurov, Strategy of manufacturing components with designed internal structure by selective laser melting of metallic powder. Appl. Surf. Sci. 254(4), 980–983 (2007)CrossRef
4.
H. S. Park, N. H. Tran, A decision support system for selecting additive manufacturing technologies. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information System and Data Mining (ICISDM). (Charleston SC, April 2017), pp. 151–155
5.
N.R. Baddoo, Stainless steel in construction: a review of research, applications, challenges and opportunities. J. Constr. Steel Res. 64(11), 1199–1206 (2008)CrossRef
6.
M. J. Nutt, G. L. Winters, Stainless steels for medical and surgical applications, ASTM International. STP1439, 276 (2003)
7.
J. Kotowski, D. Šnita, Fabrication and application of stainless-steel stamps for the preparation of microfluidic devices. Microelectron. Eng. 125, 83–88 (2014)CrossRef
8.
Q. Zhang, S. Wang, Influence and application of stainless steel to modern sculpture. Appl. Mech. Mater. 620, 417–420 (2014)CrossRef
9.
S. Ningshen, M. Sakairi, Corrosion degradation of AISI type 304L stainless steel for application in nuclear reprocessing plant. J. Solid State Electrochem. 19(12), 3533–3542 (2015)CrossRef
10.
S. Wang, B. Yang, M. Zhang, H. Wu, The establishment and application of 316LN stainless steel database for AP1000 primary coolant pipes. Mater. Sci. Forum. 850, 341–347 (2016)CrossRef
11.
M. Yakout, M. Elbestawi, S. Veldhuis, On the characterization of stainless steel 316L parts produced by selective laser melting. Int. J. Manuf. Tech. 95(5), 1953–1974 (2018)CrossRef
12.
R. Casati, J. Lemke, M. Vedani, Microstructure and fracture behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel produced by selective laser melting. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32(8), 738–744 (2016)CrossRef
13.
C. Qiu, M.A. Kindi, A.S. Aladawi, I.A. Hatmi, A comprehensive study on microstructure and tensile behaviour of a selectively laser melted stainless steel. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 7785–7785 (2018)CrossRef
14.
Z. Sun, X. Tan, S.B. Tor, C.K. Chua, Simultaneously enhanced strength and ductility for 3D-printed stainless steel 316L by selective laser melting. NPG Asia Mater. 10(4), 127–136 (2018)CrossRef
15.
W. Shifeng, L. Shuai, W. Qingsong, C. Yan, Z. Sheng, S. Yusheng, Effect of molten pool boundaries on the mechanical properties of selective laser melting parts. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214(11), 2660–2667 (2014)CrossRef
16.
M. Yoo, A. King, M. Yoo, Intergranular fracture by slip/grain boundary interaction. Mater. Trans. A. 21(a), 2431–2436 (1990)CrossRef
17.
Y. Zhong, L. Leifeng, S. Wikman, D. Cui, Z. Shen, Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting. J. Nucl. Mater. 470, 170–178 (2016)CrossRef
18.
J.-P. Kruth, G. Levy, F. Klocke, T.H.C. Childs, Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing. CIRP Ann. Manuf Technol. 56(2), 730–759 (2007)CrossRef
19.
M. Zhang, C.-N. Sun, X. Zhang, J. Wei, D. Hardacre, H. Li, Predictive models for fatigue property of laser powder bed fusion stainless steel 316L. Mater. Des. 145, 42–54 (2018)CrossRef
20.
M. Zhang, C.-N. Sun, X. Zhang, P.C. Goh, J. Wei, D. Hardacre, H. Li, Fatigue and fracture behaviour of laser powder bed fusion stainless steel 316L. Mat. Sci. Eng: A. 703, 251–261 (2017)CrossRef
21.
H. Choo, K.-L. Sham, J. Bohling, A. Ngo, X. Xiao, Y. Ren, P.J. Depond, M.J. Matthews, E. Garlea, Effect of laser power on defect, texture, and microstructure of a laser powder bed fusion processed 316L stainless steel. Mater. Des. 164, 107534 (2019)CrossRef
22.
J.A. Cherry, H.M. Davies, S. Mehmood, N.P. Lavery, S.G.R. Brown, J. Sienz, Investigation into the effect of process parameters on microstructural and physical properties of 316L stainless steel parts by selective laser melting. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech. 76, 869–79 (2015)CrossRef
23.
S. Liu, Balling behavior of selective laser melting (Selective laser melting) magnesium alloy. Materials. 13, 3632 (2020)CrossRef
24.
D. Gu, Y.-C. Hagedorn, W. Meiners, G. Meng, R.J.S. Batista, K. Wissenbach, R. Poprawe, Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear performance of selective laser melting processed commercially pure titanium. Acta Mater. 60, 3849–3860 (2012)CrossRef
25.
R. Li, J. Liu, Y. Shi, L. Wang, W. Jiang, Balling behavior of stainless steel and nickel powder during selective laser melting process. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 59, 1025–1035 (2012)CrossRef
26.
E. Yasa, J.P. Kruth, Microstructural investigation of selective laser melting 316L stainless steel parts exposed to laser re-melting. Elsevier Procedia Eng. 19, 389–395 (2011)CrossRef
27.
W.M. Tucho, V.H. Lysne, H. Austbø, A. Sjolyst-Kverneland, V. Hansen, Investigation of effects of process parameters on microstructure and Hardness of selective laser melting manufactured SS316L. J. Alloys Compd. 740, 910–925 (2018)CrossRef
28.
Q.B. Nguyen, Z. Zhu, F.L. Ng, B.W. Chua, S.M.L. Nai, J. Wei, High Mechanical strengths and ductility of stainless steel 304L fabricated using selective laser melting. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35(2), 388–394 (2019)CrossRef
29.
J. Suryawanshi, K.G. Prashanth, U. Ramamurty, Mechanical behavior of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. Mat. Sci. Eng. A. 696, 113–121 (2017)CrossRef
30.
E. Liverani, S. Toschi, L. Ceschini, A. Fortunato, Effect of selective laser melting (Selective laser melting) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 249, 255–263 (2017)CrossRef
31.
T. Kurzynowski, K. Gruber, W. Stopyra, B. Kuźnicka, E. Chlebus, Correlation between process parameters, microstructure and properties of 316 L stainless steel processed by selective laser melting. Mat. Sci. Eng. A. 718, 64–73 (2018)CrossRef
32.
T. Deb Roy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski, A.M. Beese, A. Wilson-Heid, A. De, W. Zhang, Additive manufacturing of metallic components: process, structure and properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 92, 112–224 (2018)CrossRef
33.
A.H. Puichaud, C. Flament, A. Chniouel, F. Lomello, E. Rouesne, P.F. Giroux, H. Maskrot, F. Schuster, J.L. Béchade, Microstructure and mechanical properties relationship of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel by selective laser melting. EPJ N. 5, 23 (2019)
34.
J. Dilip, S. Zhang, C. Teng, K. Zeng, C. Robinson, D. Pal, B. Stucker, Influence of processing parameters on the evolution of melt pool, porosity, and microstructures in Ti-6Al-4V alloy parts fabricated by selective laser melting. Prog. Addit. Manuf. 2(3), 157–167 (2017)CrossRef
35.
T. DebRoy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski, A.M. Beese, A. Wilson- Heid, A. De, W. Zhang, Additive manufacturing of metallic components: process, structure and properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 92, 112–224 (2018)CrossRef
36.
K.G. Prashanth, S. Scudino, T. Maity, J. Das, J. Eckert, Is the energy density a reliable parameter for materials synthesis by selective laser melting? Meter. Res. Lett. 5, 386–390 (2017)CrossRef
37.
L.N. Carter, X. Wang, N. Read, R. Khan, M. Aristizabal, K. Essa, M.M. Attallah, Process optimisation of selective laser melting using energy density model for nickel-based superalloys. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32, 657–661 (2016)CrossRef
38.
Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys, ASTM International E407-07, West Conshohocken, (2015)
39.
Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size, ASTM International E112- 13, West Conshohocken, (2013)
40.
Standard Test Method for Metallic and Inorganic Coatings; Metal powders and metal powder products, ASTM B311-17, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, vol. 02.05
41.
J.P. Choi, G.H. Shin, M. Brochu, Y.J. Kim, S.S. Yang, K.T. Kim, D.Y. Yang, C.W. Lee, J.H. Yul, Behavior of 316L stainless steel parts fabricated by selective laser melting by variation in laser energy density. Mater. Trans. 57, 1952–1959 (2016)CrossRef
42.
B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-Ray Diffraction (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., Massachusetts, USA, 1959)
43.
D. Kong, X. Ni, C. Dong, X. Lei, L. Zhang, C. Man, J. Yao, X. Cheng, X. Li, Bio-functional and anti-corrosive 3D printing 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting mater. Mater. Des. 152, 88–101 (2018)CrossRef
44.
H. Gong, D. Snelling, K. Kardel, A. Carrano, Comparison of stainless steel 316L parts made by FDM- and SLM-based additive manufacturing processes. JOM. 71, 880–885 (2019)CrossRef
45.
X. Yang, Y. Liu, J. Ye, R. Wang, T. Zhou, B. Mao, Enhanced mechanical properties and formability of 316L stainless steel materials 3D-printed using selective laser melting. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 26, 1396–1404 (2019)CrossRef
46.
M. Kazemipour, M. Mohammadi, E. Mfoumou, A.M. Nasiri, Microstructure and corrosion characteristics of selective laser-melted 316L stainless steel: the impact of process-induced porosities. JOM. 71, 3230–3240 (2019)CrossRef
47.
P. Krakhmalev, G. Fredrikhsson, S. Krister, I. Yadroitsev, I. Yadroitsava, M. Thuvander, R. Peng, Microstructure, solidification texture, and thermal stability of 316 L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Metals. 8(8), 643 (2018)CrossRef
48.
A. Riemer, S. Leuders, M. Thöne, H.A. Richard, T. Tröster, T. Niendorf, On the fatigue crack growth behavior in 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting. Eng. Fract. Mech. 120, 15–25 (2014)CrossRef
49.
J.M. Jeon, J.M. Park, J. Yu, J.G. Kim, Y. Seong, S.H. Park, H.S. Kim, Effects of microstructure and internal defects on mechanical anisotropy and asymmetry of selective laser-melted 316L austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 763, 138152 (2019)CrossRef
50.
J.F. Wang, Q.J. Sun, H. Wang, J.P. Liu, J.C. Feng, Effect of location on microstructure and mechanical properties of additive layer manufactured inconel 625 using gas tungsten arc welding. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 676, 395–405 (2016)CrossRef
51.
J. Yang, H. Yu, H. Yang, F. Li, Z. Wang, X. Zeng, Prediction of microstructure in selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy by cellular automaton. J. Alloys Compd. 748, 281 (2018)CrossRef
52.
S.D. Jadhav, S. Dadbakhsh, L. Goossens, J.-P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, K. Vanmeensel, Influence of selective laser melting process parameters on texture evolution in pure copper. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 270, 47–58 (2019)CrossRef
53.
L. Thijs, K. Kempen, J.-P. Kruth, V.J. Humbeeck, Fine-structured aluminium products with controllable texture by selective laser melting of pre-alloyed AlSi10Mg powder. Acta Mater. 61(5), 1809–1819 (2012)CrossRef
54.
T. Niendorf, S. Leuders, A. Reimer, H. Richard, T. Tröster, D. Schwarze, Highly anisotropic steel processed by selective laser melting. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 44(4), 794–796 (2013)CrossRef
55.
K. Saeidi, X. Gao, Y. Zhong, Z.J. Shen, Hardened austenite steel with columnar sub-grain structure formed by laser melting. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 625, 221–229 (2015)CrossRef
56.
O.O. Salman, F. Brenne, T. Niendorf, J. Eckert, K.G. Prashanth, T. He, S. Scudino, Impact of the scanning strategy on the mechanical behavior of 316L steel synthesized by selective laser melting. J. Manuf. Process. 45, 255–261 (2019)CrossRef
57.
J.-P. Kruth, M. Badrossamay, E. Yasa, J. Deckers, L. Thijs, J. V. Humbeeck, Part and material properties in selective laser melting of metals In: 16th International Symposium on Electromachining. Proceeding of 16th International Symposium on Electromachining, Shanghai (2010)
58.
R. Rashid, S.H. Masood, D. Ruan, S. Palanisamy, R.A. Rashid, M. Brandt, Effect of scan strategy on density and metallurgical properties of 17–4PH parts printed by selective laser melting (Selective laser melting). J. Mater. Process. Tech. 249, 502–511 (2017)CrossRef
59.
D. Wang, W. Shibiao, Y. Yongqiang, D. Wenhao, D. Shishi, W. Zhi, L. Sheng, The effect of a scanning strategy on the residual stress of 316L steel parts fabricated by selective laser melting (selective laser melting). Materials. 11(10), 1821 (2018)CrossRef
60.
D. Wang, C. Song, Y. Yang, Y. Bai, Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts. Mater. Des. 100, 291–299 (2016)CrossRef
61.
T. Peng, C. Chen, Influence of energy density on energy demand and porosity of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol. 5(1), 55–62 (2018)CrossRef
62.
P. Lu, Z. Cheng-Lin, L. Hai-Yi, W. Liang, L. Tong, A new two-step selective laser remelting of 316L stainless steel: process, density, surface roughness, mechanical properties, microstructure. Mater. Res. Expr. 7(5), 056503 (2020)CrossRef
63.
Z. Sun, X. Tan, S. Beng Tor, W. Yee Yeong, Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L with low porosity and high build rates. Mater. Des. 104, 197–204 (2016)CrossRef
64.
Q. Chao, S. Thomas, N. Birbilis, P. Cizek, P.D. Hodgson, D. Fabijanic, The effect of post-processing heat treatment on the microstructure, residual stress and mechanical properties of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 821, 0921–5093 (2021)CrossRef
65.
A. Mertens, S. Reginster, H. Paydas, Q. Contrepois, T. Dormal, O. Lemaire, J. Lecomte-Beckers, Mechanical properties of alloy Ti–6Al–4V and of stainless steel 316L processed by selective laser melting: influence of out-of-equilibrium microstructures. Powder Metall. 57(3), 184–189 (2014)CrossRef
66.
H.D. Carlton, A. Haboub, G.F. Gallegos, D.Y. Parkinson, A.A. MacDowell, Damage evolution and failure mechanisms in additively manufactured stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 651, 406–414 (2016)CrossRef
67.
W.S. Shin, B. Son, W. Song, H. Sohn, H. Jang, Y.J. Kim, C. Park, Heat treatment effect on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behaviors of stainless steel 316L prepared via selective laser melting. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 806, 140805 (2021)CrossRef
68.
I. Yadroitsev, I. Smurov, Selective laser melting technology: from the single laser melted track stability to 3d parts of complex shape. Phys Procedia. 5, 551–560 (2010)CrossRef
69.
S. Dadbakhsh, L. Hao, N. Sewell, Effect of selective laser melting layout on the quality of stainless-steel parts. Rapid Prototyp J. 18, 241–249 (2012)CrossRef
70.
U.S. Bertoli, A.J. Wolfer, M.J. Matthews, J.P.R. Delplanque, J.M. Schoenung, On the limitations of volumetric energy density as a design parameter for selective laser melting. Mater. Des. 113, 331–340 (2017)CrossRef
71.
W. Chen, G. Yin, Z. Feng, X. Liao, Effect of powder feedstock on microstructure and mechanical properties of the 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. Metals. 8(9), 729 (2018)CrossRef
72.
H. Yu, J. Yang, J. Yin, Z. Wang, X. Zeng, Comparison on mechanical anisotropies of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 304 stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 695, 92–100 (2017)CrossRef
73.
N. Takata, R. Nishida, A. Suzuki, M. Kobashi, M. Kato, Crystallographic features of microstructure in maraging steel fabricated by selective laser melting. Metals. 8(6), 440 (2018)CrossRef
74.
X. Ni, D. Kong, Y. Wen, L. Zhang, W. Wu, B. He, L. Lu, D. Zhu, Anisotropy in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 26, 319–328 (2019)CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Microstructure Analysis of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting Process
verfasst von
Ismat Ara
Fardad Azarmi
X. W. Tangpong
Publikationsdatum
15.11.2021
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis / Ausgabe 6/2021
Print ISSN: 2192-9262
Elektronische ISSN: 2192-9270
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-021-00798-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2021

Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 6/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Technical Article

Effect of Double Quenching–Tempering on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HSLA-100

Technical Article

Evolution of Microstructure and Texture in Low-Carbon Grain Non-Oriented Electrical Steels Processed from Solid-State Columnar Microstructures

Technical Article

Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties Variation Along the Thickness of Electron Beam Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints After Postweld Heat Treatment

Technical Article

Effect of Strain Rate on Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Ti-Based T110 Alloy

Feature

MicroArt

Technical Article

Metallurgical and Technological Characterization of a Lombard Seax from North Italy

Premium Partner

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen. 

    Zur Marktübersicht
    Bildnachweise