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2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Composting by Black Soldier Fly

verfasst von : Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Wen Si Lee, Hadura Abu Hasan, Hasnuri Mat Hassan, Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Yung-Tse Hung

Erschienen in: Solid Waste Engineering and Management

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Solid waste generation around the world is rising and expected to achieve 3.40 billion tons by 2050. The waste generated must have proper waste management to reduce the effect on human health and environmental pollution. Developing countries with large populations such as India and China have produced a large amount of solid waste. Organic waste has the highest proportion in solid waste generation, which consists of food waste and animal manure. There are various methods that can be carried out to manage solid waste; one of the methods is composting where the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) can be used as a composting agent to decompose the organic waste into biomass without generating any odor and pollution to the surrounding environment. The current organic waste management and practice adopted for composting organic waste are reviewed. The design and performance of the black soldier fly are also reviewed in this chapter. A landfill is not recommended to manage the waste due to the need of large land use and leachate production. Incineration is also not suitable to manage the waste due to the high emission of toxic gases although it can reduce the waste effectively. However, both the methods are still adopted in many countries especially developing countries due to easy to operate and low cost. Composting is limited to organic waste, and fewer countries utilize this method for waste management. There are various types of composting to manage organic waste and co-composting methods to enhance the degradation of organic waste. Black soldier fly has the potential to decompose the organic waste into biomass through composting. However, rearing the black soldier fly is challenging because the growth of the black soldier fly is affected by various factors such as pH, relative humidity, light intensity, temperature, moisture content, and nutrient of the substrates. Nutrients such as protein and fat are essential for black soldier fly for growth. The substrates can undergo mixing or fermentation to enhance the nutrients to allow the black soldier fly has better growth performance. The compost materials can be used as fertilizer and soil amendment to improve the yield of the plants. The black soldier fly larvae can act as animal feed where the animal consumes the nutrients from the larvae for growth. The biodiesel can be produced by extracting the lipids from the larvae. Many countries had conducted various studies on the black soldier fly technology; however, still there are some challenges when conducting the study, especially the greenhouse gas emissions, and iterative researches must be carried out to identify the gaps and enhance the knowledge on the technology.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Energy Recovery from Solid Waste

Nächstes Kapitel Biodrying of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study in Malaysia

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX)

A measure of the organic halogen load at a sampling site.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

American professional association that promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the word.

Anaerobic digestion

A process through which bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

Animal feed

Food given to domestic animals, especially livestock.

Animal manure

Organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture, especially consists of animal feces.

Antibiotic resistance

Bacteria develop the ability to survive exposure to antibiotics designed to kill them or stop their growth.

Avian infectious bronchitis

An acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens.

Biochars

Charcoal that is produced by pyrolysis of biomass in the absence of oxygen.

Biodiesel

A form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters.

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

The amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic conditions at a specified temperature.

Biomolecules

The ions or molecules present in living organisms.

Cation-π EDA interactions

Non-covalent molecular interaction between the face of an electron-rich π system and an adjacent cations.

Cetane number

An indicator of the ignitibility of diesel fuels.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

The amount of dissolved oxygen that must be present in water to oxidize chemical organic materials.

Co-composting

A process of the aerobic degradation of organic compounds using more than one feedstock.

Composting

Aerobic biological decomposition of organic waste under controlled conditions.

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA)

Systematic process that businesses use to analyze which decisions to make.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

An omega-3 fatty acid that is primary structural component of the human brain. Cerebral cortex, skin, and retina.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

Process of examining the anticipated environmental effects of a proposed project from consideration of environmental aspects at the design stage.

Ex situ fermentation

Organic substrates that are fermented at first by microorganisms before used.

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)

Type of fatty acid ester that are derived by transesterification of fats with methanol.

Fenton-like process

The reactions of peroxides with iron ions to form active oxygen moieties that oxidize the target compounds.

Food waste

Any food or inedible components of food that have been removed from the food supply chain and maybe retrieved.

Germination index

A measure of the percentage and speed of germination.

Global warming potential (GWP)

The heat absorbed by any greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, as a multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide.

Greenhouse gas emission

Greenhouse gases vented to the Earth’s atmosphere because of humans.

Incineration

A process of controlled and complete combustion of solid waste in an oxidizing atmosphere.

Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis

A trace level, elemental analysis technique that uses the emission spectra of a sample to identify, and quantify the elements present.

In situ fermentation

The microorganisms are added to implement the fermentation process simultaneously with the valorization of organic substrates.

Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service.

Material flow analysis

An analytic method to quantify flows and stocks of materials in a system.

Microbial fermentation

The process that enhances the nutritional composition of substrates through microbial modification.

Microwave-assisted extraction

A technique based on the use of microwave energy to help the transfer of the solutes from the matrix into the solvent.

Organic waste

Any material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or an animal.

Oviposition

Expulsion of the egg from the oviduct to the external environment.

Response surface methodology (RSM)

A technique to optimize the response when two or more quantitative factors are involved.

Sanitary landfill

An engineered facility and managed to minimize public health and environmental effects while disposing of municipal solid waste.

Technical feasibility

The process of proving that the concept is technically possible.

Transesterification

Reversible reaction and carried out by mixing the reactants such as fatty acids, alcohol, and catalyst.

US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

The United States Federal Government Agency whose mission is to protect human and environmental health.

Volatile organic compound (VOC)

Compounds that have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility.

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Titel: Composting by Black Soldier Fly
verfasst von: Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Wen Si Lee
Hadura Abu Hasan
Hasnuri Mat Hassan
Lawrence K. Wang
Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Yung-Tse Hung
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Solid Waste Engineering and Management
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96988-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-96989-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96989-9_6