nach oben

Erschienen in:

2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Polarisierung

verfasst von : German Neubaum

Erschienen in: Handbuch Politische Kommunikation

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Zusammenfassung

Wann können sich politische Einstellungen durch verschiedene Formen der politischen Kommunikation verstärken oder in eine extreme Richtung verändern? Unter welchen Umständen können politische Haltungen so stark mit einem Gruppengefühl einhergehen, dass eine Wir-gegen-sie-Mentalität daraus erwächst? All diese Fragen berühren das Phänomen der politischen Polarisierung. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst unterschiedliche Konzeptualisierungen von politischer Polarisierung präsentiert, um anschließend dieses Phänomen aus psychologischer und kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Sicht zu erklären. Dabei wird der empirische Forschungsstand nicht nur in Hinblick auf die Rolle journalistischer Nachrichtenmedien, sondern auch mit einem Fokus auf soziale Medien zusammengefasst.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Medienbias

Nächstes Kapitel Unterhaltung/Politainment

Je nach Fokus wird in der Literatur unter „ideological polarization“ auch die Polarisierung im Sinne der ideologischen Orientierung (z. B. konservativ vs. liberal; Lee et al. 2014) verstanden. Für eine ausführliche Beschreibung der verschiedenen Definitionen von Polarisierung und deren Bedeutung zur Bewertung, ob und wie sich Polarisierung manifestiert, siehe Lelkes 2016 oder Mason 2013.

Abzugrenzen ist die themenbezogene Polarisierung vom Konzept des Extremismus, der nicht nur extreme politische Einstellungen oder Ideologien meint, sondern ebenfalls die Ablehnung des demokratischen Staates und die Bereitschaft, ihn und seine Werte abzuschaffen (Kailitz 2004).

Arceneaux, Kevin, Martin Johnson, und Chad Murphy. 2012. Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposure. The Journal of Politics 74(1): 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002238161100123X.CrossRef

Bail, Christopher A., Lisa P. Argyle, Taylor W. Brown, John P. Bumpus, Haohan Chen, M. B. Fallin Hunzaker, Jaemin Lee, Marcus Mann, Friedolin Merhout, und Alexander Volfovsky. 2018. Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(37): 9216–9221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115.CrossRef

Bakshy, Eytan, Solomon Messing, und Lada A. Adamic. 2015. Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science 348(6239): 1130–1132.CrossRef

Barberá, Pablo. 2014. How social media reduces mass political polarization. Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the US. Job Market Paper 46. New York University.

Baumeister, Roy F., und Mark R. Leary. 1995. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 117(3): 497.CrossRef

Beam, Michael A., Myiah J. Hutchens, und Jay D. Hmielowski. 2018. Facebook news and (de)polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election. Information, Communication & Society 21(7): 940–958.CrossRef

Bernhardt, Dan, Stefan Krasa, und Mattias Polborn. 2008. Political polarization and the electoral effects of media bias. Journal of Public Economics 92(5–6): 1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.006.CrossRef

Binder, Andrew R., Kajsa E. Dalrymple, Dominique Brossard, und Dietram A. Scheufele. 2009. The soul of a polarized democracy: Testing theoretical linkages between talk and attitude extremity during the 2004 presidential election. Communication Research 36(3): 315–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209333023.CrossRef

Bishop, Bill. 2008. The big sort: Why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart. 1st Mariner Books ed. Boston: Mariner Books.

Boutyline, Andrei, und Robb Willer. 2017. The social structure of political echo chambers: Variation in ideological homophily in online networks: Political echo chambers. Political Psychology 38(3): 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12337.CrossRef

Bruns, Axel. 2019. Are filter bubbles real? Digital futures. Cambridge, UK/Medford: Polity Press.

Budak, Ceren, Sharad Goel, und Justin M. Rao. 2016. Fair and balanced? Quantifying media bias through crowdsourced content analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly 80(S1): 250–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw007.CrossRef

Cargnino, Manuel, und German Neubaum. 2020. Are we deliberately captivated in homogeneous cocoons? An investigation on political tie building on Facebook. Mass Communication and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1805632.

Carothers, Thomas, und Andrew O’Donohue. 2019. Democracies divided: The global challenge of political polarization. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Chinn, Sedona, P. Sol Hart, und Stuart Soroka. 2020. Politicization and polarization in climate change news content, 1985–2017. Science Communication 42(1): 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547019900290.CrossRef

Colleoni, Elanor, Alessandro Rozza, und Adam Arvidsson. 2014. Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using big data: Political homophily on Twitter. Journal of Communication 64(2): 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12084.CrossRef

Dahlgren, Peter M., Adam Shehata, und Jesper Strömbäck. 2019. Reinforcing spirals at work? Mutual influences between selective news exposure and ideological leaning. European Journal of Communication 34(2): 159–174.CrossRef

Deutsch, Morton, und Harold B. Gerard. 1955. A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51(3): 629–636. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046408.CrossRef

Druckman, James N., und Matthew S. Levendusky. 2019. What do we measure when we measure affective polarization? Public Opinion Quarterly 83(1): 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfz003.CrossRef

Dvir-Gvirsman, Shira. 2017. Media audience homophily: Partisan websites, audience identity and polarization processes. New Media & Society 19(7): 1072–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625945.CrossRef

Dvir-Gvirsman, Shira, Yariv Tsfati, und Ericka Menchen-Trevino. 2016. The extent and nature of ideological selective exposure online: Combining survey responses with actual web log data from the 2013 Israeli elections. New Media & Society 18(5): 857–877. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814549041.CrossRef

Eyssel, Jana, Daniel Geschke, und Wolfgang Frindte. 2015. Is seeing believing? The relationship between TV consumption and Islamophobia in German majority society. Journal of Media Psychology 27(4): 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000143.CrossRef

Feldman, Lauren, Teresa A. Myers, Jay D. Hmielowski, und Anthony Leiserowitz. 2014. The mutual reinforcement of media selectivity and effects: Testing the reinforcing spirals framework in the context of global warming. Journal of Communication 64(4): 590–611.CrossRef

Festinger, Leon. 1957. A theory of cognitive dissonance, Bd. 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRef

Garrett, R. Kelly, Shira Dvir Gvirsman, Benjamin K. Johnson, Yariv Tsfati, Rachel Neo, und Aysenur Dal. 2014. Implications of pro- and counterattitudinal information exposure for affective polarization: Partisan media exposure and affective polarization. Human Communication Research 40(3): 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12028.CrossRef

Han, Jiyoung, und Christopher M. Federico. 2017. Conflict-framed news, self-categorization, and Partisan polarization. Mass Communication and Society 20(4): 455–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1292530.CrossRef

Han, Jiyoung, und Christopher M. Federico. 2018. The polarizing effect of news framing: Comparing the mediating roles of motivated reasoning, self-stereotyping, and intergroup animus. Journal of Communication 68(4): 685–711. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy025.CrossRef

Han, Jiyoung, und Marco Yzer. 2020. Media-induced misperception further divides public opinion: A test of self-categorization theory of attitude polarization. Journal of Media Psychology 32(2): 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000259.CrossRef

Hmielowski, Jay D., Myiah J. Hutchens, und Michael A. Beam. 2020. Asymmetry of Partisan media effects? Examining the reinforcing process of conservative and liberal media with political beliefs. Political Communication 37(6): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1763525.

Hogg, Michael A., und Scott A. Reid. 2006. Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory 16(1): 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x.CrossRef

Huckfeldt, Robert, Jeanette Morehouse Mendez, und Tracy Osborn. 2004. Disagreement, ambivalence, and engagement: The political consequences of heterogeneous networks. Political Psychology 25(1): 65–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00357.x.CrossRef

Hutchens, Myiah J., Jay D. Hmielowski, und Michael A. Beam. 2019. Reinforcing spirals of political discussion and affective polarization. Communication Monographs 86(3): 357–376.CrossRef

Hyun, Ki Deuk, und Soo Jung Moon. 2016. Agenda setting in the Partisan TV news context: Attribute agenda setting and polarized evaluation of presidential candidates among viewers of NBC, CNN, and Fox News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 93(3): 509–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016628820.CrossRef

Iyengar, Shanto, und Kyu S. Hahn. 2009. Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication 59(1): 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x.CrossRef

Iyengar, Shanto, Gaurav Sood, und Yphtach Lelkes. 2012. Affect, not ideology. Public Opinion Quarterly 76(3): 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038.CrossRef

Iyengar, Shanto, Yphtach Lelkes, Matthew Levendusky, Neil Malhotra, und Sean J. Westwood. 2019. The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science 22(1): 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034.CrossRef

Kailitz, Steffen. 2004. Politischer Extremismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: eine Einführung, 1. Aufl. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.CrossRef

Kaiser, Jonas, und Cornelius Puschmann. 2017. Alliance of antagonism: Counterpublics and polarization in online climate change communication. Communication and the Public 2(4): 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047317732350.CrossRef

Kim, Yonghwan. 2015. Does disagreement mitigate polarization? How selective exposure and disagreement affect political polarization. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 92(4): 915–937. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015596328.CrossRef

Klar, Samara, Yanna Krupnikov, und John Barry Ryan. 2018. Affective polarization or Partisan disdain? Public Opinion Quarterly 82(2): 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfy014.CrossRef

Klingeren, Marijn van, Hajo G. Boomgaarden, und Claes H. de Vreese. 2017. Will conflict tear us apart? The effects of conflict and valenced media messages on polarizing attitudes toward EU immigration and border control. Public Opinion Quarterly 81(2): 543–563. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw051.

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia. 2015. Choice and preference in media use: Advances in selective exposure theory and research. New York/London: Routledge.

Lee, Jae Kook, Jihyang Choi, Cheonsoo Kim, und Yonghwan Kim. 2014. Social media, network heterogeneity, and opinion polarization. Journal of Communication 64(4): 702–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12077.CrossRef

Lee, Jiyoung, und Yunjung Choi. 2020. Effects of network heterogeneity on social media on opinion polarization among South Koreans: Focusing on fear and political orientation. International Communication Gazette 82(2): 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048518820499.CrossRef

Lelkes, Yphtach. 2016. Mass polarization: Manifestations and measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly 80(S1): 392–410. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw005.CrossRef

Levendusky, Matthew, und Neil Malhotra. 2016. Does media coverage of partisan polarization affect political attitudes? Political Communication 33(2): 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1038455.CrossRef

Lu, Yanqin, und Jae Kook Lee. 2019. Stumbling upon the other side: Incidental learning of counter-attitudinal political information on Facebook. New Media & Society 21(1): 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818793421.CrossRef

Mason, Lilliana. 2013. The rise of uncivil agreement: Issue versus behavioral polarization in the American electorate. American Behavioral Scientist 57(1): 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212463363.CrossRef

Mason, Lilliana. 2015. „I disrespectfully agree“: The differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization: Partisan sorting and polarization. American Journal of Political Science 59(1): 128–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12089.CrossRef

Mason, Lilliana. 2016. A cross-cutting calm: How social sorting drives affective polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly 80(S1): 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw001.CrossRef

McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, und Howard Rosenthal. 2016. Polarized America: The dance of ideology and unequal riches. Cambridge: MIT Press.

McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, und James M. Cook. 2001. Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology 27(1): 415–444.CrossRef

Mummolo, Jonathan, und Clayton Nall. 2017. Why Partisans do not sort: The constraints on political segregation. The Journal of Politics 79(1): 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/687569.CrossRef

Neubaum, German, und Nicole C. Krämer. 2017. Opinion climates in social media: Blending mass and interpersonal communication: Opinion climates in social media. Human Communication Research 43(4): 464–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12118.CrossRef

Neubaum, German, Manuel Cargnino, Stephan Winter, und Shira Dvir Gvirsman. 2021. „You’re still worth it“ – The moral and relational context of politically motivated unfriending decisions in online networks. PLoS One 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243049.

Niedermayer, Oskar. 2009. Gesellschaftliche und parteipolitische Konfliktlinien. In Wähler in Deutschland, Hrsg. Steffen Kühnel, Oskar Niedermayer und Bettina Westle, 30–67. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91661-3_2.

Pariser, Eli. 2011. The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. New York: Penguin Press.

Prior, Markus. 2013. Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science 16(1): 101–127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242.CrossRef

Röchert, Daniel, German Neubaum, Björn Ross, Florian Brachten, und Stefan Stieglitz. 2020a. Opinion-based homogeneity on YouTube: Combining sentiment and social network analysis. Computational Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/gk5b7.

Röchert, Daniel, German Neubaum, Björn Ross, und Stefan Stieglitz. 2020b. Caught in a networked complot? Analyzing homogeneity in conspiracy-related discussion networks on YouTube. Vortrag auf der Jahrestagung der International Communication Association.

Rogowski, Jon C., und Joseph L. Sutherland. 2016. How ideology fuels affective polarization. Political Behavior 38(2): 485–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9323-7.CrossRef

Schemer, Christian, Stefan Geiss, und Philipp Müller. 2019. Applying the reinforcing spirals model to dynamic communication phenomena: Conceptual and statistical pitfalls. In Dynamische Prozesse der öffentlichen Kommunikation – Methodische Herausforderungen, Hrsg. Phillip von Müller, Stefan Geiss, Christian Schemer, Teresa K. Naab und Christina Peter, 262–285. Köln: Herbert von Halem.

Slater, Michael D. 2007. Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influence of media selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior and social identity. Communication Theory 17(3): 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x.CrossRef

Slater, Michael D. 2015. Reinforcing spirals model: Conceptualizing the relationship between media content exposure and the development and maintenance of attitudes. Media Psychology 18(3): 370–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.897236.CrossRef

Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2010. Polarization and Partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication 60(3): 556–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x.CrossRef

Sunstein, Cass R. 2017. #Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press.CrossRef

Taber, Charles S., und Milton Lodge. 2006. Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x.CrossRef

Tajfel, Henri, und John C. Turner. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The social psychology of intergroup relations, Hrsg. J. A. von Williams und Stephen Worchel, 33–47. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Trepte, Sabine, und Laura Loy. 2017. Social identity theory and self-categorization theory. In The international encyclopedia of media effects, Hrsg. P. Rössler, C. A. Hoffner und L. van Zoonen, 1832–1845. Malten: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.

Trilling, Damian, Marijn van Klingeren, und Yariv Tsfati. 2016. Selective exposure, political polarization, and possible mediators: Evidence from the Netherlands. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 29(2): 189–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edw003.

Tsfati, Yariv, und Adi Chotiner. 2016. Testing the selective exposure – polarization hypothesis in Israel using three indicators of ideological news exposure and testing for mediating mechanisms. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 28(1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv001.

Tucker, Joshua, Andrew Guess, Pablo Barbera, Cristian Vaccari, Alexandra Siegel, Sergey Sanovich, Denis Stukal, und Brendan Nyhan. 2018. Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144139.

Turner, John C. 1982. Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations 1(2): 15–40.

Turner, John C. 1991. Social influence. Pacific grove: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing.

Weber, Christopher, und Samara Klar. 2019. Exploring the psychological foundations of ideological and social sorting. Political Psychology 40(S1): 215–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12574.CrossRef

Webster, Steven W., und Alan I. Abramowitz. 2017. The ideological foundations of affective polarization in the U.S. electorate. American Politics Research 45(4): 621–647. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17703132.CrossRef

Weeks, Brian E., Thomas B. Ksiazek, und R. Lance Holbert. 2016. Partisan enclaves or shared media experiences? A network approach to understanding citizens’ political news environments. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 60(2): 248–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2016.1164170.CrossRef

Wojcieszak, Magdalena, und R. Kelly Garrett. 2018. Social identity, selective exposure, and affective polarization: How priming national identity shapes attitudes toward immigrants via news selection. Human Communication Research 44(3): 247–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqx010.CrossRef

Wojcieszak, Magdalena, und Benjamin R. Warner. 2020. „Can interparty contact reduce affective polarization? A systematic test of different forms of intergroup contact“. Political Communication 37(6): 789–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1760406.

Yarchi, Moran, Christian Baden, und Neta Kligler-Vilenchik. 2020. Political polarization on the digital sphere: A cross-platform, over-time analysis of interactional, positional, and affective polarization on social media. Political Communication 38(1-2): 98–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1785067.

Zillmann, Dolf, und Jennings Bryant. 1985. Selective exposure phenomena. In Selective exposure to communication, Hrsg. D. Zillmann und Jennings Bryant, 1–10. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Titel: Polarisierung
verfasst von: German Neubaum
Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Buch: Handbuch Politische Kommunikation
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-26232-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-26233-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-26233-4_57