nach oben

Small Business Economics

Erschienen in:

08.01.2022

The interplay between human, social and cognitive resources of nascent entrepreneurs

verfasst von: Abeer Alomani, Rui Baptista, Suma S. Athreye

Erschienen in: Small Business Economics | Ausgabe 4/2022

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This study integrates human, social and cognitive capital traits into a model of nascent entrepreneurial capital. We hypothesise that the cognitive traits of nascent entrepreneurs play a significant role in moderating the impact of human and social capital endowments on the outcome of the nascent entrepreneurship process. Thus, differences in cognitive traits explain why nascent entrepreneurs with similar stocks of human and social capital resources may experience different outcomes. Using data from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED), we find that models incorporating cognitive capital traits as moderating variables of human and social capital have a greater explanatory power of nascent entrepreneurship outcomes than models that consider these components of nascent entrepreneurial capital in isolation. The implications of our results are important for researchers, nascent entrepreneurs, venture capitalists and SME support agencies.

Nächster Artikel Has previous loan rejection scarred firms from applying for loans during Covid-19?

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

One of the measures widely used to determine the point of success in forming a business is the measure of the sales generated. However, according to Davidsson (2006), nascent ventures may generate first sales even before engaging in the business founding activities, and hence this indicator may not reflect a conclusive measure in this respect.

The actual question used in the PSED was: ‘How would you classify the status of your firm? (1) operational and running; (2) you are still setting up the business; (3) you have temporarily delayed your start-up effort; (4) you have completely abandoned your start-up effort’. It is worth noting that, while such subjective measures are widely recognised and used in management studies research (e.g. Parker and Belghitar, 2006; Van Gelderen et al., 2000), variables based on self-perceptions are subject to distortion (Kessler et al., 2012).

This variable is never significant throughout our estimations.

Data sets stemming from large surveys using long and complex questionnaires (as is the case of the PSED) contain high-dimensional data, hindering the researcher’s ability to visualise patterns (Hair et al., 2006). Examination of a reduced dimension data set allows the researcher to spot trends, patterns and outliers in the data.

We acknowledge that there are some inherent issues with this reduction technique which have caused a reduction in its use. For example, there is no guarantee that the dimensions are interpretable. Moreover, variance maximization in the dimensional space of the data under a quadratic constraint may result in a large number of variables loading on the first principal component. In order to overcome these limitations, we use Varimax and Orthomax rotation (Hair et al., 2006).

The PCA analyses conducted for HC, SC and CC are summarised in Appendix 1, available from the authors upon request.

The level of correlation considered worthy of a variable’s inclusion is usually r ≥ 0.3. The correlation matrix was examined for any variable that does not have at least one correlation with another variable where r ≥ 0.3 (Field, 2013).

The criteria used are (a) the interpretability criterion, (b) the eigenvalue-one criterion, (c) the proportion of total variance accounted for and (d) the scree plot test. In particular, visual inspection of the scree plots indicates that four components should be retained for HC, six for SC and four for CC. The scree plots are presented in Appendix 2, available from the authors upon request.

A stepwise selection procedure was used with backward elimination. The procedure starts with a complex model and removes terms sequentially until a further deletion leads to a significantly poorer fit (Field, 2013).

In step 2, a list of possible pairs of variables in the main effects model that have some scientific basis to interact with each other were tested. This consists of all possible pairs. The interaction terms were added one at a time, in the model containing all the main effects.

Logit regression results for human and social capital main effects are presented in Appendix 3, available from the authors upon request.

Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17–40.CrossRef

Aldrich, H. and Zimmer, C. (1986). Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In Sexton, D. L. and Smilor R. W., The Art and science of entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, pp. 3–23.

Alvarez, S. A. and Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), pp. 755–775. 10.1177%2F014920630102700609

Amit, R., & Muller, E. (1995). “Push” and “pull” entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 12(4), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.1995.10600505CrossRef

Argote, L., McEvily, B., & Reagans, R. (2003). Managing knowledge in organizations: An integrative framework and review of emerging themes. Management Science, 49(4), 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.49.4.571.14424CrossRef

Baluku, M. M., Kikooma, J. F., & Kibanja, G. M. (2016). Psychological capital and the start-up capital–entrepreneurial success relationship. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 28(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2015.1132512CrossRef

Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373.CrossRef

Bandura, A. and Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), pp. 87–99. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.87

Baptista, R., Karaöz, M., & Mendonça, J. (2014). The impact of human capital on the early success of necessity versus opportunity-based entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics, 42(4), 831–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9502-zCrossRef

Barnett, W.P. and McKendrick, D.G. (2004). Why are some organizations more competitive than others? Evidence from a changing global market. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(4), pp.535–571. 10.2307%2F4131490

Baron, R. A. (1998). Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00031-1CrossRef

Baron, R. A. (2000). Psychological perspectives on entrepreneurship: cognitive and social factors in entrepreneurs’ success. Current Directions in Psychological Science., 9(1), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00050CrossRef

Baron, R. A., & Markman, G. D. (2000). Beyond social capital: How social skills can enhance entrepreneurs’ success. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(1), 106–116.CrossRef

Baron, R. A., & Markman, G. D. (2003). Beyond social capital: The role of entrepreneurs’ social competence in their financial success. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 41–60.CrossRef

Baron, R. A. and Ward, T. B. (2004). Expanding entrepreneurial cognition’s toolbox: potential contributions from the field of cognitive science. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, pp. 553–573. 10.1111%2Fj.1540–6520.2004.00064.x

Becker, G. (1962). Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, pp. 9–49.

Borghans, L., Duckworth, A., Heckman, J., and Weel, B. (2008). the economics and psychology of personality traits. Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, 43(4).

Bosma, N., van Praag, M., Thurik, R., & de Wit, G. (2004). The value of human and social capital investments for the business performance of start-ups. Small Business Economics, 23(3), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032032.21192.72CrossRef

Brüderl, J., & Preisendorfer, P. (1998). Network support and the success of newly founded business. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007997102930CrossRef

Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., & Hart, M. M. (2001). From initial idea to unique advantage: The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base. Academy of Management Perspectives, 15(1), 64–78.CrossRef

Brymer, R., Hitt, M. and Schijven, M. (2011). Cognition and human capital: the dynamic relationship between knowledge and behaviour. The Oxford handbook of human capital, pp.120–144.

Busenitz, L. W. (1999). Entrepreneurial risk and strategic decision making: It’s a matter of perspective. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886399353005CrossRef

Carland, J. A., Carland, J. W., & Stewart, W. H. (1996). Seeing what’s not there: The enigma of entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 7(1), 1–20.

Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. (1996). Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(95)00129-8CrossRef

Cassar, G. (2010). Are individuals entering self-employment overly optimistic? An empirical test of plans and projections on nascent entrepreneur expectations. Strategic Management Journal, 31(8), 822–840.

Chadwick, B. C., & Raver, J. L. (2020). Psychological Resilience And Its Downstream Effects For Business Survival In Nascent Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718801597CrossRef

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, pp.95.-120.

Cooper, A. C., Woo, C. Y., & Dunkelberg, W. C. (1988). Entrepreneurs’ perceived chance of success. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3), 97–108.CrossRef

Cooper, A. C., Gimeno-Gascon, F. J., & Woo, C. Y. (1994). Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(5), 371–395.CrossRef

Curto, J. D., & Pinto, J. C. (2011). The corrected VIF (CVIF). Journal of Applied Statistics, 38(7), 1499–1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2010.505956CrossRef

Daspit, J.J., Fox, C.J. and Findley, S.K., (2021). Entrepreneurial mindset: an integrated definition, a review of current insights, and directions for future research, Journal of Small Business Management, pp.1–33.

Davidsson, P. (2006). Nascent entrepreneurship: Empirical studies and development. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 1–76. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000005CrossRef

Davidsson, P. (2015). Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus: A re-conceptualization. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), 674–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.01.002CrossRef

Davidsson, P., & Gordon, S. (2011). Panel studies of new venture creation: A methods-focused review and suggestions for future research. Small Business Economics, 39(4), 853–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9325-8CrossRef

Davidsson, P., & Gordon, S. (2012). Panel studies of new venture creation: A methods-focused review and suggestions for future research. Small Business Economics, 39(4), 853–876.CrossRef

Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331. https://doi.org/10.5465/APBPP.2000.5438611CrossRef

Davidsson, P. (2005). Method issues in the study of venture start-up processes. In Fayolle, A., Kyrö, P., and Ulijn, J. M. (Eds.). Entrepreneurship research in Europe: outcomes and perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing.

De Carolis, D. M. and Saparito, P. (2006). Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: a theoretical framework. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 30(1), pp. 41–56. 10.1111%2Fj.1540–6520.2006.00109.x

De Carolis, D. M., Litzky, B. E. and Eddleston, K. A. (2009). Why networks enhance the progress of new venture creation: the influence of social capital and cognition. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), pp. 527–545. 10.1111%2Fj.1540–6520.2009.00302.x

Dennis, W.J. and Solomon, G. (2001). Changes in intention to grow over time. Proceedings of Babson/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, held at: Jonkoping, Sweden.

Dimov, D. (2010). Nascent entrepreneurs and venture emergence: Opportunity confidence, human capital, and early planning. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6), 1123–1153.CrossRef

Dimov, D. (2017). Towards a qualitative understanding of human capital in entrepreneurship research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 23(2), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2016-0016CrossRef

Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. (2008). Exploring the nature and impact of gestation-specific human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946708000909CrossRef

Erikson, T. (2002). Entrepreneurial capital: The emerging venture’s most important asset and competitive advantage. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00062-8CrossRef

Evans, D. S., & Jovanovic, B. (1989). An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. Journal of Political Economy, 97(4), 808–827. https://doi.org/10.1086/261629CrossRef

Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey. Small Business Economics, 33(4), 375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9207-5CrossRef

Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). London: Sage.

Forbes, D. P. (1999). Cognitive approaches to new venture creation. International Journal of Management Reviews, 1(4), 415–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00021CrossRef

Forlani, D., & Mullins, J. W. (2000). Perceived risks and choices in entrepreneurs’ new venture decisions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(4), 305–322.CrossRef

Foss, N. J., Klein, P. G., Kor, Y. Y., & Mahoney, J. T. (2008). Entrepreneurship, subjectivism, and the resource-based view: Toward a new synthesis. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(1), 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.41CrossRef

Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., Carter, N. M. and Reynolds, P. D. (2004). Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics. The process of business creation. Thousand Oaks: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204543

Gatewood, E. J. (2004). Entrepreneurial expectancies. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter, & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 153–162). Sage.CrossRef

Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. (1995). A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5), 371–391.CrossRef

Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., Powers, J. B., & Gartner, W. B. (2002). Entrepreneurial expectancy, task effort, and performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 187–206.CrossRef

Gibson, D. E. (2003). Developing the professional self-concept: Role model construals in early, middle and late career stages. Organization Science, 14(5), 591–610.CrossRef

Gibson, D. E. (2004). Role models in career development: New directions for theory and research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 134–156.CrossRef

Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. The Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183–211. https://doi.org/10.2307/258770CrossRef

Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.CrossRef

Hack, A., Bieberstein, F. V., & Kraiczy, N. D. (2016). Reference point formation and new venture creation. Small Business Economics, 46(3), 447–465.CrossRef

Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. and Tatham, R. (2006) Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D. A., & McMullen, J. S. (2009). An opportunity for me? The role of resources in opportunity evaluation decisions. Journal of Management Studies, 46(3), 337–361.CrossRef

Haynie, J.M., Shepherd, D.A. and Patzelt, H. (2012) Cognitive adaptability and an entrepreneurial task: the role of metacognitive ability and feedback. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(2), pp.237–265. 10.1111%2Fj.1540–6520.2010.00410.x

Hill, R. C., Levenhagen, M., & (,. (1995). Methaphors and mental models: Sensemaking and sensegiving in innovative and entrepreneurial activities. Journal of Management, 21(6), 1057–1074.CrossRef

Hmieleski, K. M., & Carr, J. C. (2008). The relationship between entrepreneur psychological capital and new venture performance. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 27(5), 1–13.

Hmieleski, K. M., Carr, J. C., & Baron, R. A. (2015). Integrating discovery and creation perspectives of entrepreneurial action: The relative roles of founding CEO human capital, social capital, and psychological capital in contexts of risk versus uncertainty. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(4), 289–312.CrossRef

Johansson, J., Malmström, M., & Wincent, J. (2021). How individual cognitions overshadow regulations and group norms: A study of government venture capital decisions. Small Business Economics, 56, 857–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00273-3CrossRef

Kato, M., Okamuro, H., & Honjo, Y. (2015). Does founders’ human capital matter for innovation? Evidence from Japanese start-ups. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12094CrossRef

Kessler, A., Korunka, C., Frank, H., & Lueger, M. (2012). Predicting founding success and new venture survival: A longitudinal nascent entrepreneurship approach. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 20(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495812500021CrossRef

Kessler, A. and Frank, H. (2009). Nascent entrepreneurship in a longitudinal perspective: the impact of person, environment, resources and the founding process on the decision to start business activities. International Small Business Journal, 27(6), pp. 720–742. 10.1177%2F0266242609344363

Kim, P. H., Aldrich, H. E., & Keister, L. A. (2006). Access (not) denied: The impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United States. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-0007-xCrossRef

Klotz, A. C., Hmieleski, K. M., Bradley, B. H., & Busenitz, L. W. (2014). New venture teams: A review of the literature and roadmap for future research. Journal of Management, 40(1), 226–255.CrossRef

Klyver, K., & Schenkel, M. T. (2013). From resource access to use: Exploring the impact of resource combinations on nascent entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4), 539–556.CrossRef

Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311.CrossRef

Liao, J. and Welsch, H. (2003). Social capital and entrepreneurial growth aspiration: a comparison of technology- and non-technology-based nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of High Technology Management Research, pp. 149–170.

Lichtenstein, B. B., Carter, N. M., Dooley, K. J., & Gartner, W. B. (2007). Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 236–261.CrossRef

Lowe, R. A., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2006). Overoptimism and the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Management Science, 52(2), 173–186.CrossRef

Lowik, S., Van Rossum, D., Kraaijenbrink, J., & Groen, A. (2012). Strong ties as sources of new knowledge: How small firms innovate through bridging capabilities. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2), 239–256.CrossRef

Mahoney J.T., Michael S.C. (2005). A subjectivist theory of entrepreneurship. In: Alvarez S.A., Agarwal R., Sorenson O. (eds) Handbook of entrepreneurship research. International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23622-8_3

Marvel, M. R., Davis, J. L., and Sproul, C. R. (2016). Human capital and entrepreneurship research: a critical review and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(3), 599–626. 10.1111%2Fetap.12136

Menard, S. (2010). Logistic regression: from introductory to advanced concepts and applications. London: SAGE Publications.

Minniti, M. (2004). Entrepreneurial alertness and asymmetric information in a spin-glass model. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(5), 637–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.09.003CrossRef

Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00001CrossRef

Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266. https://doi.org/10.2307/259373CrossRef

Obschonka, M., & Stuetzer, M. (2017). Integrating psychological approaches to entrepreneurship: The Entrepreneurial Personality System (EPS). Small Business Economics, Springer, 49(1), 203–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9821-yCrossRef

Palich, L. E., & Ray Bagby, D. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(6), 425–438.CrossRef

Parker, S. C., & Belghitar, Y. (2006). What happens to nascent entrepreneurs? An econometric analysis of the PSED. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9003-4CrossRef

Peña, I. (2002). Intellectual capital and business start-up success. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3(2), 180–198.CrossRef

Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701595438CrossRef

Renko, M., Kroeck, K. G., & Bullough, A. (2012). Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 667–684.CrossRef

Reynolds, P. D. (2007). New firm creation in the United States: A PSED I overview. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 1–150. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000010CrossRef

Reynolds, P. D., & Curtin, R. T. (2008). Business creation in the United States: Panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics II initial assessment. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 4(3), 155–307. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000022CrossRef

Reynolds, P.D. and Curtin, R.T. (2011). United States: panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics I, II overview. In New business creation. New York, NY: Springer Publication, pp. 255–294. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000022

Robinson, A. T., & Marino, L. D. (2013). Overconfidence and risk perceptions: Do they really matter for venture creation decisions? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(1), 149–168.CrossRef

Santarelli, E., & Tran, H. T. (2013). The interplay of human and social capital in shaping entrepreneurial performance: The case of Vietnam. Small Business Economics, 40(2), 435–458.CrossRef

Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243–263.CrossRef

Schjoedt, L., Monsen, E., Pearson, A., Barnett, T., and Chrisman, J. J. (2013). New venture and family business teams: understanding team formation, composition, behaviors, and performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(1), pp.1–15. 10.1111%2Fj.1540–6520.2012.00549.x

Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271CrossRef

Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257–279.CrossRef

Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1991). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23–45.CrossRef

Shaver (2004). Overview: the cognitive characteristics of the entrepreneur. In: Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., Carter, N. M. and Reynolds, P. D. (2004) Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics. The process of business creation. Thousand Oaks: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204543

Shepherd, D. A., Williams, T. A., & Patzelt, H. (2015). Thinking about entrepreneurial decision making: Review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 41(1), 11–46.CrossRef

Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L. and McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: a review and synthesis. Journal of Management, pp. 379–399. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.

Simon, M., Houghton, S. M., & Aquino, K. (2000). Cognitive biases, risk perception, and venture formation: How individuals decide to start companies. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(98), 113–134.CrossRef

Sitkin, S. B., & Pablo, A. L. (1992). The determinants of risk behavior. Academy of Management Review, 17(1), 9–38.CrossRef

Sommer, L., & Haug, M. (2011). Intention as a cognitive antecedent to international entrepreneurship—understanding the moderating roles of knowledge and experience. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(1), 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0162-zCrossRef

Stam, W., Arzlanian, S., & Elfring, T. (2014). Social capital of entrepreneurs and small firm performance: A meta-analysis of contextual and methodological moderators. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 152–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.01.002CrossRef

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.CrossRef

Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2008). Opportunity identification and pursuit: Does an entrepreneur’s human capital matter? Small Business Economics, 30(2), 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9020-3CrossRef

Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.004CrossRef

Van Der Gaag, M. and Snijders, T. A. B. (2005). The resource generator: social capital quantification with concrete items. Social Networks, 27(1)., pp. 1–29. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.10.001

Van Praag, C. M., & Cramer, J. S. (2001). The roots of entrepreneurship and labour demand: Individual ability and low risk aversion. Economica, 68(269), 45–62.CrossRef

Van Gelderen, M., Frese, M., & Thurik, R. (2000). Strategies, uncertainty and performance of small business start-ups. Small Business Economics, 15(3), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008113613597CrossRef

Van Gelderen, M., Van De Sluis, L., & Jansen, P. (2005). Learning opportunities and learning behaviours of small business starters: Relations with goal achievement, skill development and satisfaction. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-4260-1CrossRef

Vroom, V. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.

Wagner, J. (2006). Nascent entrepreneurs. In Parker, S. (ed.) The life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32313-8_2

Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259–271.CrossRef

Titel: The interplay between human, social and cognitive resources of nascent entrepreneurs
verfasst von: Abeer Alomani
Rui Baptista
Suma S. Athreye
Publikationsdatum: 08.01.2022
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Small Business Economics / Ausgabe 4/2022
Print ISSN: 0921-898X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0913
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00580-8

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2022

Tech on the ROC: export threshold and technology adoption interacted

Has previous loan rejection scarred firms from applying for loans during Covid-19?

SME participation in research grant consortia—the emergence of coordinated attention in collaborative innovation

Examining the cohesiveness and nestedness entrepreneurial ecosystems: evidence from British FinTechs

The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship: an Asian perspective

Education, social identity and self-employment over time: evidence from a developing country

Premium Partner