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06.09.2022 | Review Article

Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade

verfasst von: Guido Governatori, Trevor Bench-Capon, Bart Verheij, Michał Araszkiewicz, Enrico Francesconi, Matthias Grabmair

Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence and Law | Ausgabe 4/2022

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Abstract

The first issue of Artificial Intelligence and Law journal was published in 1992. This paper provides commentaries on landmark papers from the first decade of that journal. The topics discussed include reasoning with cases, argumentation, normative reasoning, dialogue, representing legal knowledge and neural networks.

Vorheriger Artikel Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction

Nächster Artikel Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade

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See for example Sect. 10 of Sartor et al. (2022) elsewhere in this issue.

See sect. 4 and 5 of Sartor et al. (2022) and sect. 2 of Araszkiewicz et al. (2022) elsewhere in this issue.

See sect. 3 of Sartor et al. (2022) elsewhere in this volume.

See Sect. 7 of Sartor et al. (2022), elsewhere is this issue.

These primitives play the role of the factor partitions in Wyner and Bench-Capon (2007) and the functions in Prakken et al. (2015) used in the instantiation of their argument schemes.

See Sect. 7.

See Sect. 9.

See Sect. 7.

See Section 9.

See sect. 3 of Sartor et al. (2022) elsewhere in this issue.

See Sect. 9 of Sartor et al. (2022), elsewhere in this issue.

See Sect. 7 of Villata et al. (2022), elsewhere in this issue.

Since 1992, the journal has published 19 articles discussing techniques based on or adopting some form of deontic logic. Of those contributions, only four of them discuss actual applications based on deontic logic (contracts (Governatori et al. 2018), decision support (Islam and Governatori 2018), and compliance management ( Hashmi and Governatori (2018), and Ardila et al. (2021)).

For example, questions of conforming to norms have arisen recently in the context of autonomous vehicles, e.g. (Prakken 2017; Bench-Capon and Modgil 2017; Bhuiyan et al. 2020)) and contracts (Governatori 2005).

This was an extended version of Coenen and Bench-Capon (1991).

For example, The Indian Pension Rules modelled in Sergot et al. (1991): “In common with many other examples of legislation and regulations, especially those that refer to periods of time, the Pension Rules arc imprecise and very casual about many of the key concepts. They are certainly not precise enough to be formulated directly as an executable program” (p 119).

The MIR methodology was followed by Pepijn Visser in developing his own ontology (Visser 1995) for Dutch Unemployment law. Subsequently Visser and Bench-Capon worked together on a series of papers on ontologies including Visser and Bench-Capon (1998) which is discussed in section 2 of Araszkiewicz et al. (2022), elsewhere in this volume.

Incidentally, both Di Giusto and Governatori (1999) and Maranhão (2001) independently developed techniques corresponding essentially to the intuition outlined by Sartor (and extending it to cover the full propositional language) to compile conflicts away in the context of the revision of rules/norms when contradicting rules are present.

To be precise, it comprises both the pleading and the trial, but in the trial, there is only one single player, the judge, and as remarked by Lodder in his review of Gordon’s PhD thesis (Lodder 2000), it is not a very interesting game.

While this feature was proposed in other work contemporary to the work of Gordon, see, for example, (Sartor 1992), a deeper investigation has been neglected until the recent work by Governatori and Olivieri (2021) that explicitly addresses the issue of modelling legal references.

For the contribution of AI and Law research to Argumentation and AI in general, see Bench-Capon and Dunne (2007).

See Section 7.

See Sect. 9.

Google Scholar, scholar.google.com, accessed February 18, 2022.

See Miller (2021) for an extensive discussion of the philosophy of justice and John Rawls’ analysis of the role of procedure.

See sect. 3 of Araszkiewicz et al. (2022) and sect. 3of Sartor et al. (2022) elsewhere in this issue for discussions of Bex et al. (2003) and Verheij (2003b) respectively.

Google Scholar, scholar.google.com, accessed February 19, 2022.

See Sect. 10 of Sartor et al. (2022), in this issue.

This paper was a precursor of Dung’s abstract argumentation frameworks (Dung 1995). Prakken subsequently developed a dialogue game based on those frameworks in Prakken (1997b).

This assumes that the conjunction of two factors favouring the same side will always be stronger that the factors individually. This assumption is queried in Prakken (2005), where an apparent counter example is given. However, such situations can be avoided by modelling the domain differently, using different factors for which the original “factors” are facts (e.g. Horty and Bench-Capon (2012), footnote 17). Arguably it is a necessary feature of factors that they always favour a particular side, and this should hold whatever the context set by other factors (Bench-Capon 2017).

Such an appeal to an arbiter is a defining notion of a “hard case” in Hage et al. (1993), discussed in Secion 7.

See Sect. 10 of Sartor et al. (2022), elsewhere in this issue.

See Section 2 of Sartor et al. (2022), elsewhere in this issue.

See the discussion in Section 2.

See sect. 5 of Villata et al. (2022), elsewhere in this issue.

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Titel: Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade
verfasst von: Guido Governatori
Trevor Bench-Capon
Bart Verheij
Michał Araszkiewicz
Enrico Francesconi
Matthias Grabmair
Publikationsdatum: 06.09.2022
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence and Law / Ausgabe 4/2022
Print ISSN: 0924-8463
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-8382
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-022-09329-4

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