Introduction
Research aim
How do primary and secondary teachers define and approach D&T education and what are the implications of this?
Literature review
Coherence in education and curriculum
Coherence in the Scottish education curriculum context
Evolution of Scottish curriculum framework
Curriculum for excellence 3–18 framework
The Broad General Education (BGE) technologies curriculum
Shared understanding of D&T education
Individual teacher understanding of D&T education
Nature of D&T education in policy
developing technological capability through the combination of designing and making skills with technological knowledge and understanding of values, consequences and bigger issues of technology in society and sustainable development (University of Edinburgh, 2021, no page).
Teacher approaches to D&T education
Conclusion to literature review
Methodology
All research conducted was driven by the principles of the pragmatic paradigm which places the question at the forefront of research (Clarke and Visser, 2018). Above all, and fundamental to the success of this study, were the ethical principles and standards established by the host academic institution (University of Dundee, 2016). All research performed was therefore approved in advance by the university’s ethical governing body.How do primary and secondary teachers define and approach D&T education and what are the implications of this?
Justification for mixed method approaches to research
Stage 1-Questionnaire sample
Stage 1-Questionnaire design
Questionnaire reliability and validity
Stage 2–Interview design
Stage 2-Interview sample
Stage 2-Interview transcription and coding
Which was coded under ‘problem solving’, ‘society’ and ‘creativity’. Each of these codes had already been identified through the literature review.…technology education is a creative subject where pupils learn to solve problems in relation to real world social issues…
Ethical considerations and informed consent
Validity, reliability, and limitations
Findings
Code | Frequency (primary participants) | Frequency (secondary participants) | Total |
---|---|---|---|
[Impact on] society | 5 | 9 | 14 |
Designing | 7 | 6 | 13 |
Problem solving | 3 | 8 | 11 |
Technological knowledge | 3 | 7 | 10 |
Use of technology [to support learning] | 9 | 1 | 10 |
Practical application of knowledge | 3 | 5 | 8 |
Technological skills | 2 | 5 | 7 |
Practical skills | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Food & textiles | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Creativity | 0 | 4 | 4 |
References to technology specific subjects | 0 | 4 | 4 |
Examples of technology | 2 | 1 | 3 |
STEM | 1 | 1 | 2 |
References to other subjects | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Digital literacy | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Often | Sometimes | Not at all | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CfE design & technology organisers (subject areas) |
Primary |
Secondary |
Primary |
Secondary |
Primary |
Secondary |
Design and construct models | 16% (3) | 68% (15) | 63% (12) | 27% (6) | 21% (4) | 5% (1) |
Exploring uses of different materials | 10% (2) | 50% (11) | 74% (14) | 50% (11) | 16% (3) | 0 |
Representing ideas, concepts and products through a variety of graphic media | 16% (3) | 64% (14) | 63% (12) | 36% (8) | 21% (4) | 0 |
Application of engineering | 5% (1) | 27% (6) | 42% (8) | 55% (12) | 53% (10) | 18% (4) |
Often | Sometimes | Not at all | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common pedagogical approaches |
Primary |
Secondary |
Primary |
Secondary |
Primary |
Secondary |
Project based work | 32% (6) | 76% (16) | 58% (11) | 24% (5) | 10% (2) | 0 |
Topics involving real world scenarios and society | 42% (8) | 48% (10) | 53% (10) | 52% (11) | 5% (1) | 0 |
Inquiry based learning – research and investigation | 11% (2) | 41% (9) | 63% (12) | 59% (13) | 26% (5) | 0 |
Practical manufacture skills | 6% (1) | 86% (19) | 47% (9) | 14% (3) | 47% (9) | 0 |
Problem solving | 58% (11) | 64% (14) | 42% (8) | 36% (8) | 0 | 0 |
Use of ICT to enhance learning | 58% (11) | 68% (15) | 37% (7) | 32% (7) | 5% (1) | 0 |
Use of other technologies to enhance learning | 32% (6) | 43% (9) | 42% (8) | 57% (12) | 26% (5) | 0 |
Use of online resources to enhance learning | 37% (7) | 50% (11) | 53% (10) | 50% (11) | 10% (2) | 0 |
Discussion of findings
Teacher understanding of D&T/Technology education
Another suggested it was:a valuable tool that can be used to enhance education in many positive waysif used appropriately.
but also added that:using digital technology to aid learning…
Technology education is about making stuff and exploring problem…
Specialist nature of D&T curriculum
In addition, the figures reveal many primary educators do not incorporate the relevant BGE technology outcomes at all. Stage 1 data shows that 21% of primary participants do not engage in E&Os that cover ‘design and construct models’ or ‘representation of ideas through graphic media’ experiences. Additionally, 16% stated they do not address the E&O ‘explore the uses of materials.’ One primary participant responded that they do not teach any of the D&T curricular subjects at all, whilst a quarter of primary practitioners (26%) responded that they did not teach two or more of the relevant D&T Experiences and Outcomes. Overall, this data shows a clear disparity between the sectors, and what they understand, or more crucially what they are teaching within the D&T curricular area.So, most of the technology outcomes in Curriculum for Excellence I’d probably be using the ones for digital literacy and that would be although not be stand alone and would kind of tie in with a lot of topic work that we did. So, for example our topic work right now is France and there would be digital literacy work in terms of using the laptops. (Primary teacher)
Shared understanding of D&T concepts - designing and problem solving
Additional quantitative data, shown in Table 2, also shows that most participants, both primary and secondary, (88%) are engaging in some manner with the relevant design BGE technology experiences and outcomes. The design element of D&T incorporates many different strands including problem solving and creativity which Education Scotland (2014) encourages through a real-world approach. The concept of design as an element of D&T was further supported by the qualitative data, from the Stage 2 interviews where one primary teacher pointed out their concerns:being able to use knowledge, skills and understanding related to the designing, making, testing, and utilising of products (physical and digital), drawing on problem solving, researching, analysis and communication skills throughout the process. (Primary teacher)
Furthermore, when considering how they apply the design stage to a practical task or activity, the primary teacher further explained:I could tell children what I would do to design something, but I am not a designer. So, it’s not consistent; I feel that somebody else could say something totally different. (Primary teacher)
Although using similar terminology, the primary teacher clearly articulates uncertainty with their own knowledge and the curricular guidance provided by Education Scotland (2017). This is a clear example of where shared understanding of, and confidence in, D&T teaching may begin to diverge. To link back, at secondary level, the necessary ‘tools and equipment’ and ‘processes of designing’, for example, are clearly described by the SQA (2021) through the guidance put in place for Senior level National Qualifications. This guidance ultimately influences how secondary practitioners’ structure and plan for S1 to S3 BGE learning. Without the same guidance at primary level however, practitioners are left to interpret and create their own understanding.What tools and equipment [are at our disposal] and we don’t have a lot of the tools and equipment that you would have in secondary. Use a range of methods to join and strengthen materials – I could tell you right now I don’t even know what the methods are, welding? Would you weld something? (Primary teacher)
Interdisciplinary learning and topic teaching around impact on society and application of engineering
the understanding and application of engineering and science principle[s] to solve everyday problems. (Secondary teacher)
Practical and technological skills
In addition, both primary interviewees expressed concerns regarding their ability to offer such experiences, which may provide some explanation for the lack of recognition of this element.Technology education is about learning about technology systems including practical technologies (Primary Teacher).
Teaching use of technology versus understanding technology
Another participant reported the relevance of:a valuable tool that can be used to enhance education in many positive ways if used appropriately. (Primary Teacher).
Although the use of technology to support teaching and learning was a common thread amongst primary teachers, for some this was also supplemented by reference to other elements such as practical application or problem solving:teaching children how to use the tools at their disposal, e.g., computers. (Primary Teacher).
Reasonably, this could indicate that primary teachers are aware of other elements of technology education yet the high recognition of the use of technology to aid learning is difficult to ignore. It appears that, in some instances, the boundaries have become blurred between the understanding of digital technologies and the D&T curriculum area demonstrating that some primary educators associate their understanding of technology education with the use of digital devices. Furthermore, this possibly reveals less of an understanding of D&T as a subject and represents the broader nature of the CfE Technology Curriculum (Education Scotland, no date).technology education is about making stuff and exploring problems. Using digital technology to aid learning (Primary Teacher).
Primary and secondary educator knowledge of other sector and stage of education
One primary teacher discussed their knowledge of secondary D&T through their experience as a secondary school teacher whereas another primary teacher admitted to knowing ‘honestly, nothing’. It can be concluded that, from this small sample of teachers, they have limited knowledge or experience about the other’s approach in D&T. This deficiency of their respective primary or secondary D&T knowledge must be emphasised as a concern and an obvious barrier to continuous learning in the BGE. Therefore, opportunities to discover more about respective learning stages should be sought. Davies and McMahon (2011), for example, discuss colleague observation and pupil portfolios as effective methods of learning about the other and connecting experiences. Collaborative activities can also support the sharing of good practice and knowledge, which is valuable in a specialist subject such as D&T.I know nothing [about the primary curriculum] other than the conversations I’ve had with primary teachers about it. What they’ve said is that they’re not confident to deliver it at all and therefore don’t deliver it. (Secondary Teacher)