Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Cellulose 1/2016

12.11.2015 | Original Paper

Individualization of microfibrillated celluloses from oil palm empty fruit bunch: comparative studies between acid hydrolysis and ammonium persulfate oxidation

verfasst von: Kar Yin Goh, Yern Chee Ching, Cheng Hock Chuah, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Nai-Shang Liou

Erschienen in: Cellulose | Ausgabe 1/2016

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In the present study, the feasibility and the practicability of two different approaches to the individualization of microfibrillated celluloses (MFCs) from oil palm empty fruit bunches were evaluated. Some properties of MFCs prepared by ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation were investigated and compared with those extracted using sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Fourier transform infrared observation demonstrated that almost all the hemicelluloses and lignin were effectively removed after the sulfuric acid hydrolysis, which was substantiated by the disappearance of the characteristic peaks of these two noncellulosic components at 1735 and 1508 cm−1, respectively. However, a peak at 1735 cm−1 was observed in the spectrum of APS-oxidized MFCs because the products prepared by this treatment are stabilized by carboxyl groups instead of sulfate half-ester groups, which introduced by sulfuric acid. Furthermore, X-ray diffractograms of MFCs revealed the decrease in crystallinity after sulfuric acid hydrolysis but remained similar after APS oxidation. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to determine the thermal stability of the treated fibers. In addition, the morphologies and diameters of MFCs were determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. MFCs formed by these two different techniques exhibited long and network-like fibrils with widths ranging from 8 to 40 nm. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to monitor the optical transmittance of the nanocellulose suspensions.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues–Wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresour Technol 99(6):1664–1671CrossRef Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues–Wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresour Technol 99(6):1664–1671CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ashiqur R, Ching YC, Yong KC, Nur A, Ashok KC, Chuah CH, Liou NS (2015) Surface modification of natural fiber using Bi2O3/TiO2 composite for photocatalytic self-cleaning. BioResource 10(4):7405–7418. doi:10.15376/biores.10.4.7405-7418 Ashiqur R, Ching YC, Yong KC, Nur A, Ashok KC, Chuah CH, Liou NS (2015) Surface modification of natural fiber using Bi2O3/TiO2 composite for photocatalytic self-cleaning. BioResource 10(4):7405–7418. doi:10.​15376/​biores.​10.​4.​7405-7418
Zurück zum Zitat Azizi Samir MAS, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6(2):612–626CrossRef Azizi Samir MAS, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6(2):612–626CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Benhamou K, Dufresne A, Magnin A, Mortha G, Kaddami H (2014) Control of size and viscoelastic properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from palm tree by varying the TEMPO-mediated oxidation time. Carbohydr Polym 99:74–83CrossRef Benhamou K, Dufresne A, Magnin A, Mortha G, Kaddami H (2014) Control of size and viscoelastic properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from palm tree by varying the TEMPO-mediated oxidation time. Carbohydr Polym 99:74–83CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Besbes I, Vilar MR, Boufi S (2011) Nanofibrillated cellulose from alfa, eucalyptus and pine fibres: preparation, characteristics and reinforcing potential. Carbohydr Polym 86:1198–1206CrossRef Besbes I, Vilar MR, Boufi S (2011) Nanofibrillated cellulose from alfa, eucalyptus and pine fibres: preparation, characteristics and reinforcing potential. Carbohydr Polym 86:1198–1206CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Castro-Guerrero CF, Gray DG (2014) Chiral nematic phase formation by aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals prepared by oxidation with ammonium persulfate. Cellulose 21(4):2567–2577CrossRef Castro-Guerrero CF, Gray DG (2014) Chiral nematic phase formation by aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals prepared by oxidation with ammonium persulfate. Cellulose 21(4):2567–2577CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen W, Yu H, Liu Y, Chen P, Zhang M, Hai Y (2011b) Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydr Polym. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.040 Chen W, Yu H, Liu Y, Chen P, Zhang M, Hai Y (2011b) Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydr Polym. doi:10.​1016/​j.​carbpol.​2010.​10.​040
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng Q, Wang S, Rials TG, Lee S-H (2007) Physical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene composite materials reinforced with fibril aggregates isolated from regenerated cellulose fibers. Cellulose 14(6):593–602CrossRef Cheng Q, Wang S, Rials TG, Lee S-H (2007) Physical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene composite materials reinforced with fibril aggregates isolated from regenerated cellulose fibers. Cellulose 14(6):593–602CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cherian BM, Pothan LA, Nguyen-Chung T, Gn Mennig, Kottaisamy M, Thomas S (2008) A novel method for the synthesis of cellulose nanofibril whiskers from banana fibers and characterization. J Agric Food Chem 56(14):5617–5627CrossRef Cherian BM, Pothan LA, Nguyen-Chung T, Gn Mennig, Kottaisamy M, Thomas S (2008) A novel method for the synthesis of cellulose nanofibril whiskers from banana fibers and characterization. J Agric Food Chem 56(14):5617–5627CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cherian BM, Leão AL, de Souza SF, Thomas S, Pothan LA, Kottaisamy M (2010) Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam explosion. Carbohydr Polym 81(3):720–725CrossRef Cherian BM, Leão AL, de Souza SF, Thomas S, Pothan LA, Kottaisamy M (2010) Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam explosion. Carbohydr Polym 81(3):720–725CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cherian BM, Leão AL, de Souza SF, Costa LMM, de Olyveira GM, Kottaisamy M, Nagarajan ER, Thomas S (2011) Cellulose nanocomposites with nanofibres isolated from pineapple leaf fibers for medical applications. Carbohydr Polym 86(4):1790–1798CrossRef Cherian BM, Leão AL, de Souza SF, Costa LMM, de Olyveira GM, Kottaisamy M, Nagarajan ER, Thomas S (2011) Cellulose nanocomposites with nanofibres isolated from pineapple leaf fibers for medical applications. Carbohydr Polym 86(4):1790–1798CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ching YC, Ng TS (2014) Effect of preparation conditions on cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. Bioresource 9(4):6373–6385CrossRef Ching YC, Ng TS (2014) Effect of preparation conditions on cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. Bioresource 9(4):6373–6385CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ching YC, Goh KY, Luqman CA, Kalyani N (2013) Effect of nanosilica and titania on thermal stability of polypropylene/oil palm empty fruit fibre composite. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 7:169–174CrossRef Ching YC, Goh KY, Luqman CA, Kalyani N (2013) Effect of nanosilica and titania on thermal stability of polypropylene/oil palm empty fruit fibre composite. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 7:169–174CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ching YC, Ashiqur R, Yong KC, Nazatul LS, Cheng HC (2015) Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol-based composite reinforced with nanocellulose and nanosilica. BioResources 10(2):3364–3377CrossRef Ching YC, Ashiqur R, Yong KC, Nazatul LS, Cheng HC (2015) Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol-based composite reinforced with nanocellulose and nanosilica. BioResources 10(2):3364–3377CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Coburn J, Gibson M, Bandalini PA, Laird C, Mao H-Q, Moroni L, Seliktar D, Elisseeff J (2011) Biomimetics of the extracellular matrix: an integrated three-dimensional fiber-hydrogel composite for cartilage tissue engineering. Smart Struct Syst 7(3):213CrossRef Coburn J, Gibson M, Bandalini PA, Laird C, Mao H-Q, Moroni L, Seliktar D, Elisseeff J (2011) Biomimetics of the extracellular matrix: an integrated three-dimensional fiber-hydrogel composite for cartilage tissue engineering. Smart Struct Syst 7(3):213CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dong XM, Revol J-F, Gray DG (1998) Effect of microcrystallite preparation conditions on the formation of colloid crystals of cellulose. Cellulose 5(1):19–32CrossRef Dong XM, Revol J-F, Gray DG (1998) Effect of microcrystallite preparation conditions on the formation of colloid crystals of cellulose. Cellulose 5(1):19–32CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat El-Saied H, Basta AH, Hassanen ME, Korte H, Helal A (2012) Behaviour of rice-byproducts and optimizing the conditions for production of high performance natural fiber polymer composites. J Polym Environ 20(3):838–847CrossRef El-Saied H, Basta AH, Hassanen ME, Korte H, Helal A (2012) Behaviour of rice-byproducts and optimizing the conditions for production of high performance natural fiber polymer composites. J Polym Environ 20(3):838–847CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ershad A, Yong KC, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Liou NS (2015) Effect of single and double stage chemically treated kenaf fibers on mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol film. BioResource 10(1):822–838 Ershad A, Yong KC, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Liou NS (2015) Effect of single and double stage chemically treated kenaf fibers on mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol film. BioResource 10(1):822–838
Zurück zum Zitat Fahma F, Iwamoto S, Hori N, Iwata T, Takemura A (2010) Isolation, preparation, and characterization of nanofibers from oil palm empty-fruit-bunch (OPEFB). Cellulose. doi:10.1007/s10570-010-9436-4 Fahma F, Iwamoto S, Hori N, Iwata T, Takemura A (2010) Isolation, preparation, and characterization of nanofibers from oil palm empty-fruit-bunch (OPEFB). Cellulose. doi:10.​1007/​s10570-010-9436-4
Zurück zum Zitat Fatah I, Khalil H, Hossain M, Aziz A, Davoudpour Y, Dungani R, Bhat A (2014) Exploration of a chemo-mechanical technique for the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulosic fiber from oil palm empty fruit bunch as a reinforcing agent in composites materials. Polymers. doi:10.3390/polym6102611 Fatah I, Khalil H, Hossain M, Aziz A, Davoudpour Y, Dungani R, Bhat A (2014) Exploration of a chemo-mechanical technique for the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulosic fiber from oil palm empty fruit bunch as a reinforcing agent in composites materials. Polymers. doi:10.​3390/​polym6102611
Zurück zum Zitat Favier V, Chanzy H, Cavaille J (1995) Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by cellulose whiskers. Macromolecules 28(18):6365–6367CrossRef Favier V, Chanzy H, Cavaille J (1995) Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by cellulose whiskers. Macromolecules 28(18):6365–6367CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrer A, Filpponen I, Rodriguez A, Laine J, Rojas OJ (2012) Valorization of residual empty palm fruit bunch fibers (EPFBF) by microfluidization: production of nanofibrillated cellulose and EPFBF nanopaper. Bioresour Technol. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.108 Ferrer A, Filpponen I, Rodriguez A, Laine J, Rojas OJ (2012) Valorization of residual empty palm fruit bunch fibers (EPFBF) by microfluidization: production of nanofibrillated cellulose and EPFBF nanopaper. Bioresour Technol. doi:10.​1016/​j.​biortech.​2012.​08.​108
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu S-C, Don T-M, Chiu W-Y (2002) Free radical degradation of chitosan with potassium persulfate. Polym Degrad Stab 75(1):73–83CrossRef Hsu S-C, Don T-M, Chiu W-Y (2002) Free radical degradation of chitosan with potassium persulfate. Polym Degrad Stab 75(1):73–83CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Huang Z-M, Zhang Y-Z, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2003) A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 63(15):2223–2253CrossRef Huang Z-M, Zhang Y-Z, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2003) A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 63(15):2223–2253CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hult E-L, Larsson P, Iversen T (2001) Cellulose fibril aggregation-an inherent property of kraft pulps. Polymer 42(8):3309–3314 Hult E-L, Larsson P, Iversen T (2001) Cellulose fibril aggregation-an inherent property of kraft pulps. Polymer 42(8):3309–3314
Zurück zum Zitat Jackson JK, Letchford K, Wasserman BZ, Ye L, Hamad WY, Burt HM (2011) The use of nanocrystalline cellulose for the binding and controlled release of drugs. Int J Nanomed. doi:10.2147/IJN.S16749 Jackson JK, Letchford K, Wasserman BZ, Ye L, Hamad WY, Burt HM (2011) The use of nanocrystalline cellulose for the binding and controlled release of drugs. Int J Nanomed. doi:10.​2147/​IJN.​S16749
Zurück zum Zitat Janardhnan S, Sain MM (2007) Isolation of cellulose microfibrils–an enzymatic approach. Bioresources 1(2):176–188 Janardhnan S, Sain MM (2007) Isolation of cellulose microfibrils–an enzymatic approach. Bioresources 1(2):176–188
Zurück zum Zitat John MJ, Anandjiwala RD (2008) Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Polym Compos 29(2):187–207CrossRef John MJ, Anandjiwala RD (2008) Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Polym Compos 29(2):187–207CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jonoobi M, Khazaeian A, Tahir PM, Azry SS, Oksman K (2011) Characteristics of cellulose nanofibers isolated from rubberwood and empty fruit bunches of oil palm using chemo-mechanical process. Cellulose. doi:10.1007/s10570-011-9546-7 Jonoobi M, Khazaeian A, Tahir PM, Azry SS, Oksman K (2011) Characteristics of cellulose nanofibers isolated from rubberwood and empty fruit bunches of oil palm using chemo-mechanical process. Cellulose. doi:10.​1007/​s10570-011-9546-7
Zurück zum Zitat Kargarzadeh H, Ahmad I, Abdullah I, Dufresne A, Zainudin SY, Sheltami RM (2012) Effects of hydrolysis conditions on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from kenaf bast fibers. Cellulose. doi:10.1007/s10570-012-9684-6 Kargarzadeh H, Ahmad I, Abdullah I, Dufresne A, Zainudin SY, Sheltami RM (2012) Effects of hydrolysis conditions on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from kenaf bast fibers. Cellulose. doi:10.​1007/​s10570-012-9684-6
Zurück zum Zitat Kim D-Y, Nishiyama Y, Wada M, Kuga S (2001) High-yield carbonization of cellulose by sulfuric acid impregnation. Cellulose 8(1):29–33CrossRef Kim D-Y, Nishiyama Y, Wada M, Kuga S (2001) High-yield carbonization of cellulose by sulfuric acid impregnation. Cellulose 8(1):29–33CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lam E, Leung ACW, Liu Y, Majid E, Hrapovic S, Male KB, Luong JHT (2013) Green strategy guided by Raman Spectroscopy for the synthesis of ammonium carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose and the recovery of byproducts. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. doi:10.1021/sc3001367 Lam E, Leung ACW, Liu Y, Majid E, Hrapovic S, Male KB, Luong JHT (2013) Green strategy guided by Raman Spectroscopy for the synthesis of ammonium carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose and the recovery of byproducts. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. doi:10.​1021/​sc3001367
Zurück zum Zitat Lani NS, Ngadi N, Johari A, Jusoh M (2014) Isolation, characterization, and application of nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber as nanocomposites. J Nanomater. doi:10.1155/2014/702538 Lani NS, Ngadi N, Johari A, Jusoh M (2014) Isolation, characterization, and application of nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber as nanocomposites. J Nanomater. doi:10.​1155/​2014/​702538
Zurück zum Zitat Leung AC, Hrapovic S, Lam E, Liu Y, Male KB, Mahmoud KA, Luong JH (2011) Characteristics and properties of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals prepared from a novel one-step procedure. Small. doi:10.1002/smll.201001715 Leung AC, Hrapovic S, Lam E, Liu Y, Male KB, Mahmoud KA, Luong JH (2011) Characteristics and properties of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals prepared from a novel one-step procedure. Small. doi:10.​1002/​smll.​201001715
Zurück zum Zitat Lin N, Bruzzese C, Dufresne A (2012) TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose participating as crosslinking aid for alginate-based sponges. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4(9):4948–4959CrossRef Lin N, Bruzzese C, Dufresne A (2012) TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose participating as crosslinking aid for alginate-based sponges. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4(9):4948–4959CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmoud KA, Male KB, Hrapovic S, Luong JH (2009) Cellulose nanocrystal/gold nanoparticle composite as a matrix for enzyme immobilization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1(7):1383–1386CrossRef Mahmoud KA, Male KB, Hrapovic S, Luong JH (2009) Cellulose nanocrystal/gold nanoparticle composite as a matrix for enzyme immobilization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1(7):1383–1386CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Martínez-Sanz M, Lopez-Rubio A, Lagaron JM (2011) Optimization of the nanofabrication by acid hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers. Carbohydr Polym 85(1):228–236CrossRef Martínez-Sanz M, Lopez-Rubio A, Lagaron JM (2011) Optimization of the nanofabrication by acid hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers. Carbohydr Polym 85(1):228–236CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ng TS, Ching YC, Awanis N, Ishenny N, Rahman MR (2014) Effect of bleaching condition on thermal properties and UV-transmittance of PVA/cellulose biocomposites. Mater Res Innov 18:400–404CrossRef Ng TS, Ching YC, Awanis N, Ishenny N, Rahman MR (2014) Effect of bleaching condition on thermal properties and UV-transmittance of PVA/cellulose biocomposites. Mater Res Innov 18:400–404CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nurfatimah B, Ching YC, Luqman CA, Chantara TR, Nor A (2014) Effect of methyl methacrylate grafted kenaf on mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride/ethylene inyl acetate composites. Compos A 63:45–50CrossRef Nurfatimah B, Ching YC, Luqman CA, Chantara TR, Nor A (2014) Effect of methyl methacrylate grafted kenaf on mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride/ethylene inyl acetate composites. Compos A 63:45–50CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nurfatimah B, Ching YC, Luqman CA, Chantara TR, Nor A (2015) Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of grafted kenaf filled poly(vinyl chloride)/ethylene vinyl acetate composites. Mater Des 65:204–211CrossRef Nurfatimah B, Ching YC, Luqman CA, Chantara TR, Nor A (2015) Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of grafted kenaf filled poly(vinyl chloride)/ethylene vinyl acetate composites. Mater Des 65:204–211CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Qua E, Hornsby P, Sharma H, Lyons G (2011) Preparation and characterisation of cellulose nanofibres. J Mater Sci 46(18):6029–6045CrossRef Qua E, Hornsby P, Sharma H, Lyons G (2011) Preparation and characterisation of cellulose nanofibres. J Mater Sci 46(18):6029–6045CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roman M, Winter WT (2004) Effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose. Biomacromolecules 5(5):1671–1677CrossRef Roman M, Winter WT (2004) Effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose. Biomacromolecules 5(5):1671–1677CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rubentheren V, Thomas AW, Ching YC, Praveena N (2015) Physical and chemical reinforcement of chitosan film using nanocrystalline cellulose and tannic acid. Cellulose. doi:10.1007/s10570-015-0650-y Rubentheren V, Thomas AW, Ching YC, Praveena N (2015) Physical and chemical reinforcement of chitosan film using nanocrystalline cellulose and tannic acid. Cellulose. doi:10.​1007/​s10570-015-0650-y
Zurück zum Zitat Sain M, Panthapulakkal S (2006) Bioprocess preparation of wheat straw fibers and their characterization. Ind Crops Prod 23(1):1–8CrossRef Sain M, Panthapulakkal S (2006) Bioprocess preparation of wheat straw fibers and their characterization. Ind Crops Prod 23(1):1–8CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Saito T, Nishiyama Y, Putaux J-L, Vignon M, Isogai A (2006) Homogenous suspensions of individualized microfibrils from TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of native cellulose. ACS Biomacromolecules 7(6):1667–1691 Saito T, Nishiyama Y, Putaux J-L, Vignon M, Isogai A (2006) Homogenous suspensions of individualized microfibrils from TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of native cellulose. ACS Biomacromolecules 7(6):1667–1691
Zurück zum Zitat Satyamurthy P, Jain P, Balasubramanya RH, Vigneshwaran N (2011) Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from cotton fibres by controlled microbial hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 83(1):122–129CrossRef Satyamurthy P, Jain P, Balasubramanya RH, Vigneshwaran N (2011) Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from cotton fibres by controlled microbial hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 83(1):122–129CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Segal L, Creely J, Martin A, Conrad C (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29(10):786–794CrossRef Segal L, Creely J, Martin A, Conrad C (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29(10):786–794CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sehaqui H, Allais M, Zhou Q, Berglund LA (2011) Wood cellulose biocomposites with fibrous structures at micro-and nanoscale. Compos Sci Technol 71(3):382–387CrossRef Sehaqui H, Allais M, Zhou Q, Berglund LA (2011) Wood cellulose biocomposites with fibrous structures at micro-and nanoscale. Compos Sci Technol 71(3):382–387CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Seng KC, Ealid M, Ching YC, Haniff M, Khalid K, Beg MTH (2014) Preparation and characterization on polyvinyl alcohol/oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber composite. Mater Res Innov 18:364–367 Seng KC, Ealid M, Ching YC, Haniff M, Khalid K, Beg MTH (2014) Preparation and characterization on polyvinyl alcohol/oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber composite. Mater Res Innov 18:364–367
Zurück zum Zitat Sun R, Tomkinson J, Wang Y, Xiao B (2000) Physico-chemical and structural characterization of hemicelluloses from wheat straw by alkaline peroxide extraction. Polymer 41(7):2647–2656CrossRef Sun R, Tomkinson J, Wang Y, Xiao B (2000) Physico-chemical and structural characterization of hemicelluloses from wheat straw by alkaline peroxide extraction. Polymer 41(7):2647–2656CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tan BK, Ching YC, Gan SN, Ramesh S, Rahmmah RV (2014) Water absorption properties of kenaf fibre—PVA composites. Mater Res Innov 18:144–146CrossRef Tan BK, Ching YC, Gan SN, Ramesh S, Rahmmah RV (2014) Water absorption properties of kenaf fibre—PVA composites. Mater Res Innov 18:144–146CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tan BK, Ching YC, Gan SN, Ramesh S, Shaifulazuar R (2015) Biodegradable mulches based on poly(vinyl alcohol), kenaf fiber, and urea. Bioresources 10(3):5532–5543CrossRef Tan BK, Ching YC, Gan SN, Ramesh S, Shaifulazuar R (2015) Biodegradable mulches based on poly(vinyl alcohol), kenaf fiber, and urea. Bioresources 10(3):5532–5543CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2007) Thermal degradation behaviors of spherical cellulose nanocrystals with sulfate groups. Polymer 48(12):3486–3493CrossRef Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2007) Thermal degradation behaviors of spherical cellulose nanocrystals with sulfate groups. Polymer 48(12):3486–3493CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Lee DH, Zheng C (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86(12):1781–1788CrossRef Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Lee DH, Zheng C (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86(12):1781–1788CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yong KC, Ching YC, Mohamad A, Lim ZK, Chong KE (2015a) Mechanical and thermal properties of chemical treated oil palm empty fruit bunches fiber reinforced polyvinyl alcohol composite. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 9:231–235CrossRef Yong KC, Ching YC, Mohamad A, Lim ZK, Chong KE (2015a) Mechanical and thermal properties of chemical treated oil palm empty fruit bunches fiber reinforced polyvinyl alcohol composite. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 9:231–235CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yong KC, Ching YC, Cheng HC, Liou NS (2015b) Effect of fiber orientation on mechanical properties of kenaf-reinforced polymer composite. BioResources 10(2):2597–2608CrossRef Yong KC, Ching YC, Cheng HC, Liou NS (2015b) Effect of fiber orientation on mechanical properties of kenaf-reinforced polymer composite. BioResources 10(2):2597–2608CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang YHP, Lynd LR (2004) Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: noncomplexed cellulase systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 88(7):797–824CrossRef Zhang YHP, Lynd LR (2004) Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: noncomplexed cellulase systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 88(7):797–824CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Lu C, Deng Y (2013) Extraction of cellulose nanofibrils from dry softwood pulp using high shear homogenization. Carbohydr Polym 97(2):695–702CrossRef Zhao J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Lu C, Deng Y (2013) Extraction of cellulose nanofibrils from dry softwood pulp using high shear homogenization. Carbohydr Polym 97(2):695–702CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmermann T, Bordeanu N, Strub E (2010) Properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from different raw materials and its reinforcement potential. Carbohydr Polym 79:1086–1093CrossRef Zimmermann T, Bordeanu N, Strub E (2010) Properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from different raw materials and its reinforcement potential. Carbohydr Polym 79:1086–1093CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Individualization of microfibrillated celluloses from oil palm empty fruit bunch: comparative studies between acid hydrolysis and ammonium persulfate oxidation
verfasst von
Kar Yin Goh
Yern Chee Ching
Cheng Hock Chuah
Luqman Chuah Abdullah
Nai-Shang Liou
Publikationsdatum
12.11.2015
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Cellulose / Ausgabe 1/2016
Print ISSN: 0969-0239
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-882X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0812-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2016

Cellulose 1/2016 Zur Ausgabe