nach oben

Erschienen in:

19.07.2020 | Review Paper

The current status of the enzyme-mediated isolation and functionalization of nanocelluloses: production, properties, techno-economics, and opportunities

verfasst von: Valdeir Arantes, Isabella K. R. Dias, Gabriela L. Berto, Bárbara Pereira, Braz S. Marotti, Carlaile F. O. Nogueira

Erschienen in: Cellulose | Ausgabe 18/2020

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The increasing interest for cellulose-based products has resulted in the development of processes for the controlled deconstruction of cellulose into cellulose nanomaterials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). These nanomaterials can significantly increase the diverse applications of cellulose by exploring their nanometric scale options and improved properties for various high-volume, low-volume, and emerging/novel applications. Among the nanocellulose production processes, the enzyme-mediated methods are environment friendly and with expected lower capital and operating expenditures compared to traditional processes. In addition, it creates the unique possibility of fine-tuning the process to tailor nanocellulose properties that are suitable for specific applications. This review comprehensively examines the application of enzymes in the isolation of nanocelluloses. To date, no enzyme preparation for application to nanocellulose production is available commercially. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of potential enzymes focusing mainly on their differentiated properties, mechanism and alterations promoted to cellulose at different levels is first provided. This is to shed light on the enzyme properties that can be exploited for application in nanocellulose isolation. Then, the current state of the stand-alone and integrated enzyme-mediated processes is reviewed as well as the properties and yield of the isolated nanocelluloses in comparison to nanocelluloses obtained by traditional processes. In addition, the potential of enzyme-mediated functionalization has been discussed as a promising method that imparts unique properties to nanocelluloses, further diversifying their market. A detailed discussion on the challenges and opportunities for the major technical and economic factors that impact nanocellulose price has been included as well.

Vorheriger Artikel Special issue on “Nanocellulose characterization, production and use”

Nächster Artikel Effect of lignin and hemicellulose on the properties of lignocellulose nanofibril suspensions

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

24MR Market Report (2018) Global bacterial nanocellulose market 2018 by manufacturers, regions, type and application, forecast to 2023

Abdul Khalil HPS, Davoudpour Y, Islam MN et al (2014) Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review. Carbohydr Polym 99:649–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.069CrossRefPubMed

Abdulkhani A, Hosseinzadeh J, Ashori A et al (2014) Preparation and characterization of modified cellulose nanofibers reinforced polylactic acid nanocomposite. Polym Test 35:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.03.002CrossRef

Afrin S, Karim Z (2017) Isolation and surface modification of nanocellulose: necessity of enzymes over chemicals. ChemBioEng Rev 4:289–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201600001CrossRef

Agger JW, Isaksen T, Várnai A et al (2014) Discovery of LPMO activity on hemicelluloses shows the importance of oxidative processes in plant cell wall degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:6287–6292. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323629111CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Aguayo MG, Pérez AF, Reyes G et al (2018) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from rejected fibers originated in the Kraft Pulping process. Polymers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101145CrossRefPubMedCentral

Alander E, Östlund I, Johansson M, Gimaker M (2017) Towards a more-cost-efficient paper and board making using microfibrillated cellulose. In: Nordic wood biorefinery conference, Stockholm, pp 49–54

Albarelli J, Paidosh A, Santos DT et al (2016) Environmental, energetic and economic evaluation of implementing a supercritical fluid-based Nanocellulose production process in a sugarcane biorefinery. Chem Eng Trans 47:49–54. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1647009CrossRef

Alila S, Boufi S (2009) Removal of organic pollutants from water by modified cellulose fibres. Ind Crops Prod 30:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.02.005CrossRef

Amer M, Saad A, Ismail NK (2019) Biofuels from microorganisms: from current status to practical implementation. Springer, BerlinCrossRef

Anderson SR, Esposito D, Gillette W et al (2014) Enzymatic preparation of nanocrystalline and microcrystalline cellulose. Tappi J 13:35–42CrossRef

Ankerfors M, Lindstrom T, Henriksson G (2009) Method for the manufacture of microfibrillated cellulose. US 2009/0221812 A1

Ankerfors M, Lindström T, Söderberg D (2014) The use of microfibrillated cellulose in fine paper manufacturing—results from a pilot scale papermaking trial. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 29:476–483. https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-03-p476-483CrossRef

Arantes V, Saddler JN (2010) Access to cellulose limits the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis: the role of amorphogenesis. Biotechnol Biofuels 3:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-3-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Arantes V, Saddler JN (2011) Cellulose accessibility limits the effectiveness of minimum cellulase loading on the efficient hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. Biotechnol Biofuels. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-4-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Arantes V, Gourlay K, Saddler JN (2014) The enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated pulp fibers predominantly involves “peeling/erosion” modes of action. Biotechnol Biofuels. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-87CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Arvidsson R, Nguyen D, Svanström M (2015) Life cycle assessment of cellulose nanofibrils production by mechanical treatment and two different pretreatment processes. Environ Sci Technol 49:6881–6890. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00888CrossRefPubMed

Axrup L, Kastinen H (2016) A method for a manufacturing microfibrillated polysaccharide. WO 2016/067180 Al

Bacha CJC (2019) Os ciclos de preços da celulose e sua atual fase. O Pap 80(10):17–20

Bai L, Bossa N, Qu F et al (2017) Comparison of hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of nanocomposite membranes with cellulose nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes. Environ Sci Technol 51:253–262. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04280CrossRefPubMed

Baig K, Turcotte G (2016) Adsorption of cellulose enzymes on lignocellulosic materials and influencing factors: a review. Int J Waste Resour 6:27–31. https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000239CrossRef

Bajaj P, Mahajan R (2019) Cellulase and xylanase synergism in industrial biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10146-0CrossRefPubMed

Baati R, Magnin A, Boufi S (2017) High solid content production of nanofibrillar cellulose via continuous extrusion. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:2350–2359. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02673CrossRef

Beldman G, Voragen AGJ, Rombouts FM et al (1987) Adsorption and kinetic behavior of purified endoglucanases and exoglucanases from Trichoderma viride. Biotechnol Bioeng 30:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260300215CrossRefPubMed

Beltramino F, Roncero MB, Vidal T et al (2015) Increasing yield of nanocrystalline cellulose preparation process by a cellulase pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 192:574–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.007CrossRefPubMed

Beltramino F, Blanca Roncero M, Vidal T, Valls C (2018) A novel enzymatic approach to nanocrystalline cellulose preparation. Carbohydr Polym 189:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.015CrossRefPubMed

Bernardes A, Pellegrini VOA, Curtolo F et al (2019) Carbohydrate binding modules enhance cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis by increasing access of cellulases to the substrate. Carbohydr Polym 211:57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.108CrossRefPubMed

Berto GL, Arantes V (2019) Kinetic changes in cellulose properties during defibrillation into microfibrillated cellulose and cellulose nanofibrils by ultra-refining. Int J Biol Macromol 127:637–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.169CrossRefPubMed

Beyene D, Chae M, Dai J et al (2017) Enzymatically-mediated co-production of cellulose nanocrystals and fermentable sugars. Catalysts 7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7110322CrossRef

Bian H, Chen L, Wang R, Zhu J (2017) Green and low-cost production of thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils using highly recyclable dicarboxylic acids. J Vis Exp 2017:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3791/55079CrossRef

Blue Goose Biorefineries (2020) https://bluegoosebiorefineries.com/

Boluk Y, Lahiji R, Zhao L, McDermott MT (2011) Suspension viscosities and shape parameter of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 377:297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.01.003CrossRef

Bondancia TJ, Mattoso LHC, Marconcini JM, Farinas CS (2017) A new approach to obtain cellulose nanocrystals and ethanol from eucalyptus cellulose pulp via the biochemical pathway. Biotechnol Prog 33:1085–1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2486CrossRefPubMed

Bondeson D, Mathew A, Oksman K (2006) Optimization of the isolation of nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 13:171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9061-4CrossRef

Božič M, Liu P, Mathew AP, Kokol V (2014) Enzymatic phosphorylation of cellulose nanofibers to new highly-ions adsorbing, flame-retardant and hydroxyapatite-growth induced natural nanoparticles. Cellulose 21:2713–2726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0281-8CrossRef

Božič M, Vivod V, Kavčič S et al (2015) New findings about the lipase acetylation of nanofibrillated cellulose using acetic anhydride as acyl donor. Carbohydr Polym 125:340–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.061CrossRefPubMed

Branco RHR, Serafim LS, Xavier AMRB (2019) Second generation bioethanol production: on the use of pulp and paper industry wastes as feedstock. Fermentation 5:1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010004CrossRef

Brinchi L, Cotana F, Fortunati E, Kenny JM (2013) Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohydr Polym 94:154–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033CrossRefPubMed

Brzozowski AM, Derewendat U, Derewendat ZS et al (1991) A model for interfacial activation in lipases from the structure of a fungal lipase-inhibitor complex. Nature 351:491–494. https://doi.org/10.1038/246170a0CrossRefPubMed

Buschle-Diller G, Fanter C, Loth F (1999) Structural changes in hemp fibers as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis with mixed enzyme systems. Text Res J 69:244–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051759906900403CrossRef

Busk PK (2014) A tool for design of primers for microRNA-specific quantitative RT-qPCR. BMC Bioinformatics 15:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-29CrossRef

Buzala KP, Przybysz P, Kalinowska H, Derkowska M (2016) Effect of cellulases and xylanases on refining process and kraft pulp properties. PLoS ONE 11:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161575CrossRef

Camarero Espinosa S, Kuhnt T, Foster EJ, Weder C (2013) Isolation of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals by phosphoric acid hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules 14:1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm400219uCrossRefPubMed

Camargo LA, Pereira SC, Correa AC et al (2016) Feasibility of manufacturing cellulose nanocrystals from the solid residues of second-generation ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. Bioenergy Res 9:894–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9744-0CrossRef

Cannella D, Hsieh CWC, Felby C, Jørgensen H (2012) Production and effect of aldonic acids during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose at high dry matter content. Biotechnol Biofuels 5:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-26CrossRef

Cao Y, Tan H (2002) Effects of cellulase on the modification of cellulose. Carbohydr Res 337:1291–1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(02)00134-9CrossRefPubMed

Cao Y, Tan H (2005) Study on crystal structures of enzyme-hydrolyzed cellulosic materials by X-ray diffraction. Enzyme Microb Technol 36:314–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.09.002CrossRef

Cao L, Fischer A, Bornscheuer U, Schmid R (1996) Lipase-catalyzed solid phase synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters. Biocatal Biotransformation 14:269–283. https://doi.org/10.3109/10242429609110280CrossRef

Carpita NC (1996) Structure and biogenesis of the cell walls of grasses. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47:445–476. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.445CrossRefPubMed

Cathala B, Villares A, Berrin J-G, Moreau C (2018) Method for producing nanocelluolse from a cellulose substrate. US 2018/0142084 A1. 1

CelluForce (2019) CelluForce restarts production of cellulose nanocrystals at its newly modernized facility. In: CelluForce website. https://www.celluforce.com/en/news/celluforce-news/celluforce-restarts-production-of-cellulose-nanocrystals-at-its-newly-modernized-facility/. Accessed 3 Dec 2019

Chaker A, Mutjé P, Vilar MR, Boufi S (2014) Agriculture crop residues as a source for the production of nanofibrillated cellulose with low energy demand. Cellulose 21:4247–4259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0454-5CrossRef

Chauve G, Bras J (2014) Industrial point of view of nanocellulose materials. In: Oksman K, Mathew AP, Bismarck A et al (eds) Handbook of green materials, 1st edn. World Scientific Pub Co Inc, New York, pp 233–252CrossRef

Chen X, Deng X, Shen W, Jiang L (2012) Controlled enzymolysis preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from pretreated cotton fibers. BioResources 7:4237–4248. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.3.4237-4248CrossRef

Chen L, Zhu JY, Baez C et al (2016) Highly thermal-stable and functional cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils produced using fully recyclable organic acids. Green Chem 18:3835–3843. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6gc00687fCrossRef

Chen XQ, Deng XY, Shen WH, Jia MY (2018) Preparation and characterization of the spherical nanosized cellulose by the enzymatic hydrolysis of pulp fibers. Carbohydr Polym 181:879–884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.064CrossRefPubMed

Chen XQ, Pang GX, Shen WH et al (2019a) Preparation and characterization of the ribbon-like cellulose nanocrystals by the cellulase enzymolysis of cotton pulp fibers. Carbohydr Polym 207:713–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.042CrossRefPubMed

Chen Z, Zhang H, He Z, Zhang L (2019b) Current and future markets of dissolving pulp in China and other countries. BioResources 14:7627–7629. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.2.2861-2870CrossRef

Cheng M, Qin Z, Chen Y et al (2017) Efficient extraction of cellulose nanocrystals through hydrochloric acid hydrolysis catalyzed by inorganic chlorides under hydrothermal conditions. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:4656–4664. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b03194CrossRef

Chinga-Carrasco G (2011) Cellulose fibres, nanofibrils and microfibrils: the morphological sequence of MFC components from a plant physiology and fibre technology point of view. Nanoscale Res Lett 6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-417CrossRef

Chirat C, Lachenal D, Dufresne A (2010) Biorefinery in a kraft pulp mill: from bioethanol to cellulose nanocrystals. Cellul Chem Technol 44:59–64

Chundawat SPS, Lipton MS, Purvine SO et al (2011) Proteomics-based compositional analysis of complex cellulase-hemicellulase mixtures. J Proteome Res 10:4365–4372. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr101234zCrossRefPubMed

Cowie J, Bilek EMMT, Wegner TH, Shatkin JA (2014) Market projections of cellulose nanomaterial-enabled products—part 2: volume estimates. Tappi J 13:57–69CrossRef

Credou J, Berthelot T (2014) Cellulose: from biocompatible to bioactive material. J Mater Chem B 2:4767–4788. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00431KCrossRefPubMed

Cui S, Zhang S, Ge S et al (2016) Green preparation and characterization of size-controlled nanocrystalline cellulose via ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis. Ind Crops Prod 83:346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.01.019CrossRef

Dai J, Chae M, Beyene D et al (2018) Co-production of cellulose nanocrystals and fermentable sugars assisted by endoglucanase treatment of wood pulp. Materials (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091645CrossRefPubMedCentral

Dandekar T (2016) Modified bacterial nanocelluloses and its uses in chip cards and medicine. WO 2016/174104 Al. 120

Daud JB, Lee K-Y (2017) Surface modification of nanocellulose. In: Hanieh K, Ishak A, Sabu T, Dufresne A (eds) Handbook of nanocellulose and cellulose nanocomposites. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 101–123CrossRef

Davies G, Henrissat B (1995) Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases. Structure 3:853–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00220-9CrossRefPubMed

De Assis CA, Houtman C, Phillips R et al (2017a) Conversion economics of forest biomaterials: risk and financial analysis of CNC manufacturing. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin 11:682–700. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1782CrossRef

De Assis CA, Iglesias MC, Bilodeau M et al (2017b) Cellulose micro- and nanofibrils (CMNF) manufacturing—financial and risk assessment. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin 12:251–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1835CrossRef

De Campos A, Correa AC, Cannella D et al (2013) Obtaining nanofibers from curauá and sugarcane bagasse fibers using enzymatic hydrolysis followed by sonication. Cellulose 20:1491–1500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9909-3CrossRef

Delgado-Aguilar M, González I, Tarrés Q et al (2015) Approaching a low-cost production of cellulose nanofibers for papermaking applications. BioResources 10:5330–5344. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.3.5330-5344CrossRef

Dias MOS, Junqueira TL, Rossell CEV et al (2013) Evaluation of process configurations for second generation integrated with first generation bioethanol production from sugarcane. Fuel Process Technol 109:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.041CrossRef

Dias MOS, Junqueira TL, Sampaio ILM et al (2016) Use of the VSB to assess biorefinery strategies. In: Bonomi A, Cavalett O, Pereira da Cunha M, Lima M (eds) Virtual biorefinery. Springer, Cham, pp 189–256CrossRef

Ding Q, Zeng J, Wang B et al (2019) Effect of nanocellulose fiber hornification on water fraction characteristics and hydroxyl accessibility during dehydration. Carbohydr Polym 207:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.075CrossRefPubMed

Du J, Zhang F, Li Y et al (2014) Enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification of pretreated corn stover at high-solids concentrations in a horizontal rotating bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 37:173–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-013-0983-6CrossRefPubMed

Du L, Wang J, Zhang Y et al (2017) A co-production of sugars, lignosulfonates, cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystals from ball-milled woods. Bioresour Technol 238:254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.097CrossRefPubMed

Durán N, Lemes AP, Durán M et al (2011) A minireview of cellulose nanocrystals and its potential integration as co-product in bioethanol production. J Chil Chem Soc 56:672–677. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072011000200011CrossRef

Dusfrene A (2012) Nanocellulose: from nature to high performance tailored materials. In: Dufresne A (ed) Nanocellulose: from nature to high performance tailored materials, 1st edn. Munchen, p 1

E4tech, RE-CORD and WUR (2015) From the sugar platform to biofuels and biochemicals

Eibinger M, Ganner T, Bubner P et al (2014) Cellulose surface degradation by a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and its effect on cellulase hydrolytic efficiency. J Biol Chem 289:35929–35938. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.602227CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eibinger M, Sattelkow J, Ganner T et al (2017) Single-molecule study of oxidative enzymatic deconstruction of cellulose. Nat Commun 8:4–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01028-yCrossRef

Eichhorn SJ, Dufresne A, Aranguren M et al (2010) Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 45:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3874-0CrossRef

Eijsink VGH, Petrovic D, Forsberg Z et al (2019) On the functional characterization of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Biotechnol Biofuels 12:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1392-0CrossRef

Espino-Pérez E, Bras J, Almeida G et al (2016) Cellulose nanocrystal surface functionalization for the controlled sorption of water and organic vapours. Cellulose 23:2955–2970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0994-yCrossRef

Eyholzer C, Bordeanu N, Lopez-Suevos F et al (2010) Preparation and characterization of water-redispersible nanofibrillated cellulose in powder form. Cellulose 17:19–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9372-3CrossRef

FAO (2015) Pulp and paper capacities survey 2014–2019, Rome

Farone WA, Cuzens JE (1996) Method of producing sugars using strong acid hydrolysis of cellulosic and hemicellulosic materials. US Patent 5,562,777

Fengel D, Wegener G (1983) Polyoses (hemicelluloses). In: de Gruyter Walter (ed) Wood, 1st edn. De Gruyter, BerlinCrossRef

Filson PB, Dawson-Andoh BE, Schwegler-Berry D (2009) Enzymatic-mediated production of cellulose nanocrystals from recycled pulp. Green Chem 11:1808–1814. https://doi.org/10.1039/b915746hCrossRef

Fojan P, Jonson PH, Petersen MTN, Petersen SB (2000) What distinguishes an esterase from a lipase: a novel structural approach. Biochimie 82:1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(00)01188-3CrossRefPubMed

Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Gandini A, Neto CP (2011) New materials from cellulose fibers. A contribution to the implementation of the integrated biorefinery concept. O Pap 72:91–96

Ganner T, Bubner P, Eibinger M et al (2012) Dissecting and reconstructing synergism: in situ visualization of cooperativity among cellulases. J Biol Chem 287:43215–43222. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.419952CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gao Y, Xu J, Yuan Z et al (2014) Optimization of fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis from alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse for high-concentration sugar production. Bioresour Technol 167:41–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.034CrossRefPubMed

García A, Gandini A, Labidi J et al (2016) Industrial and crop wastes: a new source for nanocellulose biorefinery. Ind Crops Prod 93:26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.06.004CrossRef

García A, Labidi J, Belgacem MN, Bras J (2017) The nanocellulose biorefinery: woody versus herbaceous agricultural wastes for NCC production. Cellulose 24:693–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1144-2CrossRef

Garcia-Ubasart J, Esteban A, Vila C et al (2011) Enzymatic treatments of pulp using laccase and hydrophobic compounds. Bioresour Technol 102:2799–2803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.020CrossRefPubMed

Garcia-Ubasart J, Colom JF, Vila C et al (2012) A new procedure for the hydrophobization of cellulose fibre using laccase and a hydrophobic phenolic compound. Bioresour Technol 112:341–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.075CrossRefPubMed

Gelblum PG (1984) Process for sulfuric acid regeneration. US Patent 4,490,347

Geng W, Jin Y, Jameel H, Park S (2015) Strategies to achieve high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute-acid pretreated corn stover. Bioresour Technol 187:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.067CrossRefPubMed

George J, Ramana KV, Bawa AS, Siddaramaiah (2011) Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals exhibiting high thermal stability and their polymer nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 48:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.09.013CrossRefPubMed

Global Market Insights (2019) Nanocellulose market, 2024, Selbyville

Gremos S, Zarafeta D, Kekos D, Kolisis F (2011) Direct enzymatic acylation of cellulose pretreated in BMIMCl ionic liquid. Bioresour Technol 102:1378–1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.021CrossRefPubMed

Habibi Y, Lucia LA, Rojas OJ (2010) Cellulose nanocrystals: chemistry, self-assembly, and applications. Chem Rev 110:3479–3500. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900339wCrossRefPubMed

Halliwell G, Riaz M (1970) The formation of short fibres from native cellulose by components of Trichoderma koningii cellulase. Biochem J 116:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1160035CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hamad WY, Hu TQ (2010) Structure-process-yield interrelations in nanocrystalline cellulose extraction. Can J Chem Eng 88:392–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20298CrossRef

Hassan ML, Mathew AP, Hassan EA, Oksman K (2010) Effect of pretreatment of bagasse pulp on properties of isolated nanofibers and nanopaper sheets. Wood Fiber Sci 42:362–376

Heiskanen I, Backfolk K, Vehvilainen M et al (2012) Process for the production of microfibrillated cellulose and produced microfibrillated cellulose. US 2012/0136146A1

Helbert W, Poulet L, Drouillard S et al (2019) Discovery of novel carbohydrate-active enzymes through the rational exploration of the protein sequences space. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:6063–6068. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815791116CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Henriksson M, Henriksson G, Berglund LA, Lindström T (2007) An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers. Eur Polym J 43:3434–3441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.038CrossRef

Herrera MA, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2012) Comparison of cellulose nanowhiskers extracted from industrial bio-residue and commercial microcrystalline cellulose. Mater Lett 71:28–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.12.011CrossRef

Hetemäki L, Hurmekoski E (2019) Forest bioeconomy development: markets and industry structures Forest bioeconomy development: markets and industry structures. In: Nikolais W, Innes JL (eds) Multidisciplinary approach to sustainability in forest landscapes, 2020th edn. Cambridge University Press, London, p 23

Hidayat BJ, Felby C, Johansen KS, Thygesen LG (2012) Cellulose is not just cellulose: a review of dislocations as reactive sites in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose 19:1481–1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9740-2CrossRef

Hidayat BJ, Weisskopf C, Felby C et al (2015) The binding of cellulase variants to dislocations: a semi-quantitative analysis based on CLSM (confocal laser scanning microscopy) images. AMB Express 5:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-015-0165-9CrossRef

Hiltunen J, Katariina K, Pere J (2015) Process for producing fibrillated cellulose material WO 2015/092146 Al (51). 23

Himmel ME, Ding SY, Johnson DK et al (2007) Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science 80(315):804–807. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137016CrossRef

Hoeger IC, Nair SS, Ragauskas AJ et al (2013) Mechanical deconstruction of lignocellulose cell walls and their enzymatic saccharification. Cellulose 20:807–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9867-9CrossRef

Hogan CM, Mes-Hartree M, Saddler JN, Kushner DJ (1990) Assessment of methods to determine minimal cellulase concentrations for efficient hydrolysis of cellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 32:614–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00173736CrossRef

Hokkanen S, Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M (2016) A review on modification methods to cellulose-based adsorbents to improve adsorption capacity. Water Res 91:156–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.008CrossRefPubMed

Hu J, Arantes V, Saddler JN (2011) The enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates by the addition of accessory enzymes such as xylanase: is it an additive or synergistic effect? Biotechnol Biofuels 4:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-4-36CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hu J, Arantes V, Pribowo A, Saddler JN (2013) The synergistic action of accessory enzymes enhances the hydrolytic potential of a “cellulase mixture” but is highly substrate specific. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:112. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-112CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hu J, Arantes V, Pribowo A (2014) Substrate factors that influence the synergistic interaction of AA9 and cellulases during the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Energy Environ Sci 7:2308–2315. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE00891JCrossRef

Hu J, Tian D, Renneckar S, Saddler JN (2018) Enzyme mediated nanofibrillation of cellulose by the synergistic actions of an endoglucanase, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) and xylanase. Sci Rep 8:4–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21016-6CrossRef

Huang J, Chang PR, Chen Y et al (2017) Fully green cellulose nanocomposites. In: Hanieh K, Ishak A, Sabu T, Dufresne A (eds) Handbook of nanocellulose and cellulose nanocomposites, 1st edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 301–334CrossRef

Hubbe MA, Rojas OJ, Lucia LA et al (2008) Cellulosic nanocomposites: a review. BioResources 3:929–980. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.3.929-980CrossRef

Humbird D, Mohagheghi A, Dowe N, Schell DJ (2010) Economic impact of total solids loading on enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated corn stover. Biotechnol Prog 26:1245–1251. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.441CrossRefPubMed

Hurmekoski E, Jonsson R, Korhonen J et al (2018) Diversification of the forest industries: role of new wood-based products. Can J For Res 48:1417–1432. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0116CrossRef

InoFib (2019) InoFib. http://www.inofib.fr/lentreprise/. Accessed 12 Mar 2019

Isikgor FH, Becer CR (2015) Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym Chem 6:4497–4559. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5py00263jCrossRef

Isogai A, Saito T, Fukuzumi H (2011) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Nanoscale 3:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00583eCrossRefPubMed

Iwamoto S, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2007) Nano-fibrillation of pulp fibers for the processing of transparent nanocomposites. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 89:461–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-007-4175-6CrossRef

Jaušovec D, Vogrinčič R, Kokol V (2015) Introduction of aldehyde vs. carboxylic groups to cellulose nanofibers using laccase/TEMPO mediated oxidation. Carbohydr Polym 116:74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.014CrossRefPubMed

Jeoh T, Ishizawa CI, Davis MF et al (2007) Cellulase digestibility of pretreated biomass is limited by cellulose accessibility. Biotechnol Bioeng 98:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21408CrossRefPubMed

Ji H, Xiang Z, Qi H et al (2019) Strategy towards one-step preparation of carboxylic cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils with high yield, carboxylation and highly stable dispersibility using innocuous citric acid. Green Chem 21:1956–1964. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03493aCrossRef

Jiang J, Ye W, Liu L et al (2017) Cellulose nanofibers prepared using the TEMPO/Laccase/O₂ system. Biomacromolecules 18:288–294. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01682CrossRefPubMed

Jin W (2017) Preparation of modified cellulose and its derivates. WO 2017/075417 Al

Jonoobi M, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2012) Producing low-cost cellulose nanofiber from sludge as new source of raw materials. Ind Crops Prod 40:232–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.03.018CrossRef

Josset S, Orsolini P, Siqueira G et al (2014) Energy consumption of the nanofibrillation of bleached pulp, wheat straw and recycled newspaper through a grinding process. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 29:167–175. https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-01-p167-175CrossRef

Kalia S, Boufi S, Celli A, Kango S (2014) Nanofibrillated cellulose: surface modification and potential applications. Colloid Polym Sci 292:5–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-013-3112-9CrossRef

Kamaya Y (1996) Role of endoglucanase in enzymatic modification of bleached kraft pulp. J Ferment Bioeng 82:549–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0922-338X(97)81250-0CrossRef

Kangas H, Pere J (2016) High-consistency enzymatic fibrillation (HefCel)—a cost-efficient way to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Adv Mater TechConnect Briefs 1:181–183

Karampelas BE (2016) Automotive tires containing hydrophobic nanocellulose. US 2016/0122515 A1

Kargarzadeh H, Huang J, Lin N et al (2018) Recent developments in nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers, thermoplastic polymers, and porous nanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 87:197–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.008CrossRef

Karim Z, Afrin S, Husain Q, Danish R (2017) Necessity of enzymatic hydrolysis for production and functionalization of nanocelluloses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 37:355–370. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2016.1163322CrossRefPubMed

Kazi FK, Fortman JA, Anex RP et al (2010) Techno-economic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn stover. Fuel 89:S20–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.001CrossRef

Keaton D (2014) Pulp market roundup: may prices expected to hold or fall modestly around world as pulp buyers mount challenges, noting Chinese customers’ success in bringing their softwood and hardwood paper pulp prices down; fluff pulp prices still on upswing. In: Ind. Intell. Inc. https://www.industryintel.com/index.cfm/public:news/read/4007216304/Pulp-market-roundup-May-prices-expected-to-hold-or.html. Accessed 3 Dec 2019

Kim JH, Shim BS, Kim HS et al (2015) Review of nanocellulose for sustainable future materials. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Technol 2:197–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-015-0024-9CrossRef

Kjaergaard CH, Qayyum MF, Wong SD et al (2014) Spectroscopic and computational insight into the activation of O₂ by the mononuclear Cu center in polysaccharide monooxygenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:8797–8802. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408115111CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kleman-Leyer KM, Gilkes NR, Miller RC, Kirk TK (1994) Changes in the molecular-size distribution of insoluble celluloses by the action of recombinant Cellulomonas fimi cellulases. Biochem J 302:463–469. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3020463CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kleman-Leyer KM, Siika-Aho M, Teeri TT, Kent Kirk T (1996) The cellulases endoglucanase I and cellobiohydrolase II of Trichoderma reesei act synergistically to solubilize native cotton cellulose but not to decrease its molecular size. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2883–2887CrossRef

Klemm D, Cranston ED, Fischer D et al (2018) Nanocellulose as a natural source for groundbreaking applications in materials science: today’s state. Mater Today 21:720–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.02.001CrossRef

Klyosov AA, Mitkevich OV, Sinitsyn AP (1986) Role of the activity and adsorption of cellulases in the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of amorphous and crystalline cellulose. Biochemistry 25:540–542. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00351a003CrossRef

Knowles JKC, Lentovaara P, Murray M, Sinnott ML (1988) Stereochemical course of the action of the cellobioside hydrolases I and II of Trichoderma reesei. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 21:1401–1402. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3988000140CrossRef

Ko CH, Chen FJ, Lee JJ, Tzou DLM (2011) Effects of fiber physical and chemical characteristics on the interaction between endoglucanase and eucalypt fibers. Cellulose 18:1043–1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9534-yCrossRef

Koppram R, Olsson L (2014) Combined substrate, enzyme and yeast feed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allow bioethanol production from pretreated spruce biomass at high solids loadings. Biotechnol Biofuels 7:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-54CrossRef

Koppram R, Tomás-Pejó E, Xiros C, Olsson L (2014) Lignocellulosic ethanol production at high-gravity: challenges and perspectives. Trends Biotechnol 32:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.10.003CrossRefPubMed

Korhonen JT, Kettunen M, Ras RHA, Ikkala O (2011) Hydrophobic nanocellulose aerogels as floating, sustainable, reusable, and recyclable oil absorbents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:1813–1816. https://doi.org/10.1021/am200475bCrossRefPubMed

Koskela SM, Wang S, Xu D et al (2019) Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) mediated production of ultra-fine cellulose nanofibres from delignified softwood fibres. Green Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9GC02808KCrossRef

Kristensen JB, Felby C, Jørgensen H (2009a) Yield-determining factors in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Biotechnol Biofuels 2:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-2-11CrossRef

Kristensen JB, Felby C, Jørgensen H (2009b) Determining yields in high solids enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 156:127–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8375-0CrossRefPubMed

Kumar V, Pathak P, Bhardwaj NK (2020) Waste paper: an underutilized but promising source for nanocellulose mining. Waste Manag 102:281–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.041CrossRefPubMed

Lacerda PSS, Barros-Timmons AMMV, Freire CSR et al (2013) Nanostructured composites obtained by ATRP sleeving of bacterial cellulose nanofibers with acrylate polymers. Biomacromolecules 14:2063–2073. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm400432bCrossRefPubMed

Lanfer B, Arshi A, Hemmrich K et al (2017) Wound care product comprising extracellular matrix-functionalized nanocellulose. WO 2017/103259 Al. PCT Int Appl, pp 1–54

Lapidot S, Azerraf C, Kremer I (2016) Acid recovery from acid-rich solutions. WO 2016/103252 Al. 29

Lavoine N, Desloges I, Dufresne A, Bras J (2012) Microfibrillated cellulose—its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: a review. Carbohydr Polym 90:735–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.026CrossRefPubMed

Leão RM, Miléo PC, Maia JMLL, Luz SM (2017) Environmental and technical feasibility of cellulose nanocrystal manufacturing from sugarcane bagasse. Carbohydr Polym 175:518–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.087CrossRefPubMed

Lecourt M, Meyer V, Sigoillot JC, Petit-Conil M (2010) Energy reduction of refining by cellulases. Holzforschung 64:441–446. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2010.066CrossRef

Lee I, Evans BR, Woodward J (2000) The mechanism of cellulase action on cotton fibers: evidence from atomic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 82:213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3991(99)00158-8CrossRefPubMed

Leistritz FL, Senechal DM, Stowers MD et al (2006) Preliminary feasibility analysis for an integrated biomaterials and ethanol biorefinery using wheat straw feedstock. In: Agribusiness & applied economics report 23500, North Dakota State University, Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics

Leistritz F, Hodur N, Senechal D et al (2009) Use of agricultural residue feedstock in north dakota biorefineries. J Agribus 27:17–32

Le Normand M, Moriana R, Ek M (2014) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from spruce bark in a biorefinery perspective. Carbohydr Polym 111:979–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.092CrossRefPubMed

Leppänen AS, Xu C, Parikka K et al (2014) Targeted allylation and propargylation of galactose-containing polysaccharides in water. Carbohydr Polym 100:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.053CrossRefPubMed

Leu SY, Zhu JY (2013) Substrate-related factors affecting enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses: our recent understanding. Bioenergy Res 6:405–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9276-1CrossRef

Li J, Xie W, Cheng HN et al (1999) Polycaprolactone-modified hydroxyethylcellulose films prepared by lipase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization. Macromolecules 32:2789–2792. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma981816bCrossRef

Li K, Azadi P, Collins R et al (2000) Relationships between activities of xylanases and xylan structures. Enzyme Microb Technol 27:89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00190-3CrossRef

Li ZQ, Zhou XD, Pei CH (2010) Synthesis of PLA-co-PGMA copolymer and its application in the surface modification of bacterial cellulose. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 59:725–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2010.483214CrossRef

Li Q, McGinnis S, Sydnor C et al (2013) Nanocellulose life cycle assessment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 1:919–928. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc4000225CrossRef

Lin N, Dufresne A (2014) Nanocellulose in biomedicine: current status and future prospect. Eur Polym J 59:302–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.025CrossRef

Lin W, Hu X, You X et al (2018) Hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose via a two-step silanation method. Polymers (Basel) 10:1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10091035CrossRef

Lindström T (2017) Aspects on nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) processing, rheology and NFC-film properties. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 29:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2017.02.005CrossRef

Lindström T, Aulin C (2014) Market and technical challenges and opportunities in the area of innovative new materials and composites based on nanocellulosics. Scand J For Res 29:345–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.928365CrossRef

Lirong T, Wei H, Li T et al (2013a) Colon-targeted prodrug and preparation method based on the carrier nanocellulose. CN103405778 B. 10

Lirong T, Yili H, Luzhen T, Xueyu LC (2013b) Method for preparing pH fluorescent response nano cellulose. CN103343001A. 9

Liu YS, Baker JO, Zeng Y et al (2011) Cellobiohydrolase hydrolyzes crystalline cellulose on hydrophobic faces. J Biol Chem 286:11195–11201. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.216556CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liu X, Jiang Y, Qin C et al (2018) Enzyme-assisted mechanical grinding for cellulose nanofibers from bagasse: energy consumption and nanofiber characteristics. Cellulose 25:7065–7078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2071-1CrossRef

Liu X, Jiang Y, Song X et al (2019) A bio-mechanical process for cellulose nanofiber production—towards a greener and energy conservation solution. Carbohydr Polym 208:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.071CrossRefPubMed

Lombard V, Golaconda Ramulu H, Drula E et al (2014) The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Nucleic Acids Res 42:490–495. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1178CrossRef

Long L, Tian D, Hu J et al (2017) A xylanase-aided enzymatic pretreatment facilitates cellulose nanofibrillation. Bioresour Technol 243:898–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.037CrossRefPubMed

Lv D, Du H, Che X et al (2019) Tailored and integrated production of functional cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils via sustainable formic acid hydrolysis: kinetic study and characterization. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:9449–9463. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00714CrossRef

Lynd LR, Liang X, Biddy MJ et al (2017) Cellulosic ethanol: status and innovation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 45:202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.03.008CrossRefPubMed

Mackenzie CR, Bilous D (1988) Ferulic acid esterase activity from schizophyllum commune. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:1170–1173CrossRef

Mansfield SD, Meder R (2003) Cellulose hydrolysis—the role of monocomponent cellulases in crystalline cellulose degradation. Cellulose 10:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024022710366CrossRef

Mansfield SD, De Jong E, Stephens RS, Saddler JN (1997) Physical characterization of enzymatically modified kraft pulp fibers. J Biotechnol 57:205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(97)00100-4CrossRef

Marcoccia B, Edwards M, Cooper MD (2016) Methods for the manufacture of cellulose nanocrystals. US Patent 9,297,111

Market Research Store (2016) Global nanocellulose market—industry analysis, size, share, trends, segment and forecast 2015–2021. In: Mark Res Store website. https://www.marketresearchstore.com/report/nanocellulose-market-z538691/4. Accessed 30 Nov 2019

Marotti BS, Cortez DV, Gonçalves DB, de Castro HF (2017) Seleção de espécies do gênero Penicillium produtoras de lipase ligada ao micélio para aplicação em hidrólise de óleos vegetais. Quim Nova 40:427–435. https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170033CrossRef

Mathew AP, Oksman K, Karim Z et al (2014) Process scale up and characterization of wood cellulose nanocrystals hydrolysed using bioethanol pilot plant. Ind Crops Prod 58:212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.035CrossRef

Meng X, Ragauskas AJ (2014) Recent advances in understanding the role of cellulose accessibility in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Curr Opin Biotechnol 27:150–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.01.014CrossRefPubMed

Merrow EW, Phillips KE, Myers CW (1981) Understanding cost growth and performance shortfalls in pioneer process plants. Rand, Santa Monica

Meyabadi TF, Dadashian F (2012) Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of waste cotton fibers for nanoparticles production using response surface methodology. Fibers Polym 13:313–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-012-0313-7CrossRef

Meyabadi TF, Dadashian F, Mir Mohamad Sadeghi G, Ebrahimi Zanjani Asl H (2014) Spherical cellulose nanoparticles preparation from waste cotton using a green method. Powder Technol 261:232–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.039CrossRef

Miller J (2014) Nanocellulose: technology application, and markets. In: TAPPI international conference on nanotechnology for renewable materials 2014. Market-Intell LLC, São Paulo, p 30

Miller J (2015) Nanocellulose state of the industry. In: TAPPI nanotechnology for renewable nanomaterials conference (TAPPI Nano) in, p 10

Miller J (2016) Nanocellulose: technology, applications and markets. In: 2016 international conference on nanotechnology for renewable materials, Grenoble, p 19

Miller J (2017) Cellulose nanomaterials: state of the industry the road to commercialization. In: Paper days 2017, Orono, p 26

Miller J (2018) Cellulose nanomaterials production update cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In: TAPPI nanotechnology for renewable nanomaterials conference (TAPPI Nano). Madison, p 6

Miller J (2019) Nanocellulose: packaging applications and commercial development. In: 2019 international conference on nanotechnology for renewable materials, Chiba

Modenbach AA, Nokes SE (2013) Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass at high-solids loadings—a review. Biomass Bioenerg 56:526–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.031CrossRef

Moon D, Kitagawa N, Sagisaka M, Genchi Y (2015) Economic impact of utilizing woody biomass to manufacture high value-added material products: a study of cellulose nanofiber and high standard chip-dust production in Maniwa, Japan. J Jpn Inst Energy 94:582–587. https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.94.582CrossRef

Mooney CA, Mansfield SD, Touhy MG, Saddler JN (1998) The effect of initial pore volume and lignin content on the enzymatic hydrolysis of softwoods. Bioresour Technol 64:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00181-8CrossRef

Morales LO, Iakovlev M, Martin-Sampedro R et al (2014) Effects of residual lignin and heteropolysaccharides on the bioconversion of softwood lignocellulose nanofibrils obtained by SO₂–ethanol–water fractionation. Bioresour Technol 161:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.025CrossRefPubMed

Moreau C, Tapin-Lingua S, Grisel S et al (2019) Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) facilitate cellulose nanofibrils production. Biotechnol Biofuels 12:13–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1501-0CrossRef

Mucalo MR, Kato K, Yokogawa Y (2009) Phosphorylated, cellulose-based substrates as potential adsorbents for bone morphogenetic proteins in biomedical applications: a protein adsorption screening study using cytochrome C as a bone morphogenetic protein mimic. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 71:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.01.004CrossRefPubMed

Müller G, Chylenski P, Bissaro B et al (2018) The impact of hydrogen peroxide supply on LPMO activity and overall saccharification efficiency of a commercial cellulase cocktail. Biotechnol Biofuels 11:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1199-4CrossRef

Naderi A, Lindström T, Sundström J et al (2015) Microfluidized carboxymethyl cellulose modified pulp: a nanofibrillated cellulose system with some attractive properties. Cellulose 22:1159–1173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0577-3CrossRef

Nair SS, Sharma S, Pu Y et al (2014) High shear homogenization of lignin to nanolignin and thermal stability of nanolignin-polyvinyl alcohol blends. ChemSusChem 7:3513–3520. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201402314CrossRefPubMed

Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2004) The effect of morphological changes from pulp fiber towards nano-scale fibrillated cellulose on the mechanical properties of high-strength plant fiber based composites. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 78:547–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-003-2453-5CrossRef

Nandi S, Guha P (2018) A review on preparation and properties of cellulose nanocrystal-incorporated natural biopolymer. J Packag Technol Res 2:149–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41783-018-0036-3CrossRef

Nechyporchuk O, Belgacem MN, Pignon F (2014) Rheological properties of micro-/nanofibrillated cellulose suspensions: wall-slip and shear banding phenomena. Carbohydr Polym 112:432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.092CrossRefPubMed

Nechyporchuk O, Pignon F, Belgacem MN (2015) Morphological properties of nanofibrillated cellulose produced using wet grinding as an ultimate fibrillation process. J Mater Sci 50:531–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8609-1CrossRef

Nelson K, Retsina T (2014) Innovative nanocellulose process breaks the cost barrier. Tappi J 13:19–23CrossRef

Nelson K, Retsina T, Iakovlev M et al (2016) American process: production of low cost nanocellulose for renewable, advanced materials applications. In: Madsen L, Svedberg E (eds) Materials research for manufacturing, vol 224. Springer, Cham, pp 267–302CrossRef

Newman RH, Vaidya AA, Imroz Sohel M, Jack MW (2013) Optimizing the enzyme loading and incubation time in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Bioresour Technol 129:33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.028CrossRefPubMed

Nohara T, Sawada T, Tanaka H, Serizawa T (2016) Enzymatic synthesis of oligo(ethylene glycol)-bearing cellulose oligomers for in situ formation of hydrogels with crystalline nanoribbon network structures. Langmuir 32:12520–12526. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01635CrossRefPubMed

Noorani S, Simonsen J, Atre S (2007) Nano-enabled microtechnology: polysulfone nanocomposites incorporating cellulose nanocrystals. Cellulose 14:577–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9119-yCrossRef

Oksanen T, Pere J, Buchert J, Viikari L (1997) The effect of Trichoderma reesei cellulases and hemicellulases on the paper technical properties of never-dried bleached kraft pulp. Cellulose 4:329–339CrossRef

Oksman K, Etang JA, Mathew AP, Jonoobi M (2011) Cellulose nanowhiskers separated from a bio-residue from wood bioethanol production. Biomass Bioenerg 35:146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.021CrossRef

Orłowski A, Róg T, Paavilainen S et al (2015) How endoglucanase enzymes act on cellulose nanofibrils: role of amorphous regions revealed by atomistic simulations. Cellulose 22:2911–2925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0705-0CrossRef

Pääkko M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H et al (2007) Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromolecules 8:1934–1941. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm061215pCrossRefPubMed

Parikka K, Leppänen AS, Pitkänen L et al (2010) Oxidation of polysaccharides by galactose oxidase. J Agric Food Chem 58:262–271. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902930tCrossRefPubMed

Park S, Venditti RA, Abrecht DG et al (2007) Surface and pore structure modification of cellulose fibers through cellulase treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 103:3833–3839. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25457CrossRef

Payne GF, Chaubal MV, Barbari TA (1996) Enzyme-catalysed polymer modification: reaction of phenolic compounds with chitosan films. Polymer (Guildf) 37:4643–4648. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)00338-2CrossRef

Payne CM, Knott BC, Mayes HB et al (2015) Fungal cellulases. Chem Rev 115:1308–1448. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500351cCrossRefPubMed

Pennells J, Godwin ID, Amiralian N, Martin DJ (2019) Trends in the production of cellulose nanofibers from non-wood sources. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02828-9CrossRef

Penttilä PA, Várnai A, Pere J et al (2013) Xylan as limiting factor in enzymatic hydrolysis of nanocellulose. Bioresour Technol 129:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.017CrossRefPubMed

Pereira B, Arantes V (2018) Nanocelluloses from sugarcane biomass. In: Chandel AK, Silveira MHL (eds) Advances in sugarcane biorefinery, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdan, pp 179–196CrossRef

Perlack RD, Wright LL, Turhollow AF et al (2005) Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: the technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply, Oak Ridge, TN, United States

Pirani S, Hashaikeh R (2013) Nanocrystalline cellulose extraction process and utilization of the byproduct for biofuels production. Carbohydr Polym 93:357–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.063CrossRefPubMed

Pirani S, Abushammala HMN, Hashaikeh R (2013) Preparation and characterization of electrospun PLA/nanocrystalline cellulose-based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 130(5):3345–3354. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39576CrossRef

Polizeli MLTM, Rizzatti ACS, Monti R et al (2005) Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67:577–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7CrossRefPubMed

Qing Y, Sabo R, Zhu JY et al (2013) A comparative study of cellulose nanofibrils disintegrated via multiple processing approaches. Carbohydr Polym 97:226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.086CrossRefPubMed

Qiu J, Ma L, Shen F et al (2017) Pretreating wheat straw by phosphoric acid plus hydrogen peroxide for enzymatic saccharification and ethanol production at high solid loading. Bioresour Technol 238:174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.040CrossRefPubMed

Rajinipriya M, Nagalakshmaiah M, Robert M, Elkoun S (2018) Importance of agricultural and industrial waste in the field of nanocellulose and recent industrial developments of wood based nanocellulose: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:2807–2828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03437CrossRef

Ramires HOR, Demuner BJ (2019) Process of producing fibrillated nanocellulose with low energy consumption. US Patent 2019/0301094 A1

Raquez JM, Habibi Y, Murariu M, Dubois P (2013) Polylactide (PLA)-based nanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 38:1504–1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.014CrossRef

Rebouillat S, Pla F (2013) State of the art manufacturing and engineering of nanocellulose: a review of available data and industrial applications. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol 04:165–188. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2013.42022CrossRef

Reilly PJ (1981) Trends in the biology of fermentations for fuels and chemicals. Basic Life Sci 18:1–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(82)90113-3CrossRef

Reports MR (2016) Nanocellulose (nano-crystalline cellulose, nano-fibrillated cellulose and bacterial nanocellulose) market for composites, oil and gas, paper processing, paints and coatings, and other applications: global industry perspective, comprehensive analysis, Maharashtra

Reports and Data (2019) Synthetic gypsum market to reach USD 1.89 Billion By 2026c. In: Reports data website. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/02/25/1741714/0/en/Automotive-Fabric-Market-To-Reach-USD-31-3-Billion-By-2026-Reports-And-Data.html. Accessed 3 Dec 2019

Research GV (2015) Nanocomposites market size, share and trends analysis report by product (nanoclay, carbon nanotubes, ceramics), by application (packaging, electronics and electrical, aviation), and segment forecasts, 2015–2022, San Francisco

Research and Markets (2018) Nanocellulose market by type and application - global industry analysis and forecast to 2025. Dublin

Ribeiro RSA, Pohlmann BC, Calado V et al (2019) Production of nanocellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis: trends and challenges. Eng Life Sci 19:279–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201800158CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rodríguez Couto S, Toca Herrera JL (2006) Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review. Biotechnol Adv 24:500–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.04.003CrossRefPubMed

Rol F, Karakashov B, Nechyporchuk O et al (2017) Pilot-scale twin screw extrusion and chemical pretreatment as an energy-efficient method for the production of nanofibrillated cellulose at high solid content. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:6524–6531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00630CrossRef

Roman M, Winter WT (2004) Effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose. Biomacromolecules 5:1671–1677. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034519+CrossRefPubMed

Rosales-Calderon O, Arantes V (2019) A review on commercial-scale high-value products that can be produced alongside cellulosic ethanol. Biotechnol Biofuels 12:240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1529-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Saastamoinen P, Mattinen ML, Hippi U et al (2012) Laccase aided modification of nanofibrillated cellulose with dodecyl gallate. BioResources 7:5749–5770CrossRef

Saelee K, Yingkamhaeng N, Nimchua T, Sukyai P (2016) An environmentally friendly xylanase-assisted pretreatment for cellulose nanofibrils isolation from sugarcane bagasse by high-pressure homogenization. Ind Crops Prod 82:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.064CrossRef

Saito T, Isogai A (2004) TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. The effect of oxidation conditions on chemical and crystal structures of the water-insoluble fractions. Biomacromolecules 5:1983–1989. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0497769CrossRefPubMed

Saito T, Nishiyama Y, Putaux JL et al (2006) Homogeneous suspensions of individualized microfibrils from TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules 7:1687–1691. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm060154sCrossRefPubMed

Sant’Ana da Silva A, Fernandes de Souza M, Ballesteros I et al (2016) High-solids content enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse using a laboratory-made enzyme blend and commercial preparations. Process Biochem 51:1561–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.07.018CrossRef

Santucci BS, Bras J, Belgacem MN et al (2016) Evaluation of the effects of chemical composition and refining treatments on the properties of nanofibrillated cellulose films from sugarcane bagasse. Ind Crops Prod 91:238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.07.017CrossRef

Saqib AAN, Whitney PJ (2006) Role of fragmentation activity in cellulose hydrolysis. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 58:180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.06.007CrossRef

Satyamurthy P, Jain P, Balasubramanya RH, Vigneshwaran N (2011) Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from cotton fibres by controlled microbial hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 83:122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.029CrossRef

Savignon LT, Gonçalves VDL (2016) Estudo de viabilidade técnica e econômica da produção de nanocelulose, Universidade Federal Fluminense

Schrøder T (2012) Lowering total costs. Biofuel Int, pp 55–56

Selig MJ, Hsieh CWC, Thygesen LG et al (2012) Considering water availability and the effect of solute concentration on high solids saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Prog 28:1478–1490. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.1617CrossRefPubMed

Sereti V, Stamatis H, Koukios E, Kolisis FN (1998) Enzymatic acylation of cellulose acetate in organic media. J Biotechnol 66:219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(98)00085-6CrossRef

Serra A, González I, Oliver-Ortega H et al (2017) Reducing the amount of catalyst in TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers: effect on properties and cost. Polymers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110557CrossRef

Shatkin JA, Wegner TH, Bilek EM, Cowie J (2014) Market projections of cellulose nanomaterial-enabled products—part 1: applications. Tappi J 13:9–16CrossRef

Siqueira GA, Arantes V (2016) Nanocellulose from lignocelulosic biomass. In: Kumar R, Singh S, Balan V (eds) Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass in a biorrefinery. Nova Science Publishers Inc, London

Siqueira G, Tapin-Lingua S, Bras J et al (2010) Morphological investigation of nanoparticles obtained from combined mechanical shearing, and enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of sisal fibers. Cellulose 17:1147–1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9449-zCrossRef

Siqueira GA, Dias IKR, Arantes V (2019) Exploring the action of endoglucanases on bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp as potential catalyst for isolation of cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 133:1249–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.162CrossRefPubMed

Siró I, Plackett D (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review. Cellulose 17:459–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9405-yCrossRef

Song Q, Winter WT, Bujanovic BM, Amidon TE (2014) Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC): a high-value co-product that improves the economics of cellulosic ethanol production. Energies 7:607–618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7020607CrossRef

Song HT, Gao Y, Yang YM et al (2016) Synergistic effect of cellulase and xylanase during hydrolysis of natural lignocellulosic substrates. Bioresour Technol 219:710–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.035CrossRefPubMed

Song B, Li B, Wang X et al (2018) Real-time imaging reveals that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase promotes cellulase activity by increasing cellulose accessibility. Biotechnol Biofuels 11:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1023-1CrossRef

Spence KL, Venditti RA, Rojas OJ et al (2011) A comparative study of energy consumption and physical properties of microfibrillated cellulose produced by different processing methods. Cellulose 18:1097–1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9533-zCrossRef

Srisodsuk M, Kleman-Leyer K, Keränen S et al (1998) Modes of action on cotton and bacterial cellulose of a homologous endoglucanase-exoglucanase pair from Trichoderma reesei. Eur J Biochem 251:885–892. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510885.xCrossRefPubMed

Stephen JD, Mabee WE, Saddler JN (2012) Will second-generation ethanol be able to compete with first-generation ethanol? Opportunities for cost reduction. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin 6:159–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.331CrossRef

Subramaniyan S, Prema P (2002) Biotechnology of microbial xylanases: enzymology, molecular biology, and application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 22:33–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550290789450CrossRefPubMed

Sukharnikov LO, Cantwell BJ, Podar M, Zhulin IB (2011) Cellulases: ambiguous nonhomologous enzymes in a genomic perspective. Trends Biotechnol 29:473–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.04.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Svending P (2018) Nanocellulose, threat or opportunity? Potential impact on the pulp industry. In: Fiberlean website. https://fiberlean.com/nanocellulose-threat-or-opportunity-2/. Accessed 3 Dec 2019

Svending P (2019) Commercial break-through in MFC processing. In: Fiberlean website. https://fiberlean.com/commercial-breakthrough-in-mfc-processing/. Accessed 3 Dec 2019

Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K (2007) Acid-based hydrolysis processes for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: a review. BioResources 2:472–499

Takkellapati S, Li T, Gonzalez MA (2018) An overview of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from a cellulose and hemicellulose biorefinery. Clean Technol Environ Policy 20:1615–1630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1568-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tang Y, Shen X, Zhang J et al (2015) Extraction of cellulose nano-crystals from old corrugated container fiber using phosphoric acid and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by sonication. Carbohydr Polym 125:360–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.063CrossRefPubMed

Taniguchi T, Okamura K (1998) New films produced from microfibrillated natural fibres. Polym Int 47:291–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199811)47:3%3c291:AID-PI11%3e3.0.CO;2-1CrossRef

Tarrés Q, Saguer E, Pèlach MA et al (2016) The feasibility of incorporating cellulose micro/nanofibers in papermaking processes: the relevance of enzymatic hydrolysis. Cellulose 23:1433–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0889-yCrossRef

Teeri TT, Koivula A, Linder M et al (1998) Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases: Why so efficient on crystalline cellulose? Biochem Soc Trans 26:173–178. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0260173CrossRefPubMed

Teixeira RSS, Da Silva ASA, Jang JH et al (2015) Combining biomass wet disk milling and endoglucanase/β-glucosidase hydrolysis for the production of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 128:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.087CrossRefPubMed

Tejado A, Alam MN, Antal M et al (2012) Energy requirements for the disintegration of cellulose fibers into cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose 19:831–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9694-4CrossRef

Theerarattananoon K, Wu X, Staggenborg S et al (2009) Evaluation and characterization of sorghum biomass as feedstock for ethanol production. In: 2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21–June 24, 2009. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, pp 232–240

The Express Wire (2019) Nanocellulose market growth opportunities, driving factors by manufacturers, regions, type and application, forecast analysis to 2024, 360 market updates

Thomas B, Raj MC, Athira BK et al (2018) Nanocellulose, a versatile green platform: from biosources to materials and their applications. Chem Rev 118:11575–11625. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00627CrossRefPubMed

Thurston CF (1994) The structure and function of fungal laccases. Microbiology 140:19–26CrossRef

Tibolla H, Pelissari FM, Menegalli FC (2014) Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by chemical and enzymatic treatment. LWT Food Sci Technol 59:1311–1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.011CrossRef

Tong X, Shen W, Chen X et al (2020) Preparation and mechanism analysis of morphology-controlled cellulose nanocrystals via compound enzymatic hydrolysis of eucalyptus pulp. J Appl Polym Sci 137:48407. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48407CrossRef

Trache D, Hussin MH, Haafiz MKM, Thakur VK (2017) Recent progress in cellulose nanocrystals: sources and production. Nanoscale 9:1763–1786. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr09494eCrossRefPubMed

Tsuchiyama M, Sakamoto T, Fujita T et al (2006) Esterification of ferulic acid with polyols using a ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus niger. Biochim Biophys Acta - Gen Subj 1760:1071–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.03.022CrossRef

Tsukamoto J, Durán N, Tasic L (2013) Nanocellulose and bioethanol production from orange waste using isolated microorganisms. J Braz Chem Soc 24:1537–1543. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20130195CrossRef

UMaine-FPL (2020) https://umaine.edu/pdc/nanocellulose/order-nanocellulose/cnm-order-page/

USDA ERS (2019) Data products. In: Econ Res Serv, United States Dep Agric. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/. Accessed 2 Mar 2020

U.S. Geological Survey (2019) Mineral commodity summaries 2019, Reston, VA

Van Groenestijn J, Hazewinkel J, Creusen R, Meesters K (2008a) Recovery of sulphuric acid. US Patent 7,442,359

Van Groenestijn JW, Hazewinkel JHO, Bakker RR (2008b) Pre-treatment of ligno-cellulose with biological acid recycling (the biosulfurol process). Int Sugar J 110:689–692

Villares A, Moreau C, Bennati-Granier C et al (2017) Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases disrupt the cellulose fibers structure. Sci Rep 7:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40262CrossRef

Vlasenko E, Schülein M, Cherry J, Xu F (2010) Substrate specificity of family 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, and 45 endoglucanases. Bioresour Technol 101:2405–2411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.057CrossRefPubMed

Walker LP, Wilson DB, Irvin DC et al (1992) Fragmentation of cellulose by the major Thermomonospora fusca cellulases, Trichoderma reesei CBHI, and their mixtures. Biotechnol Bioeng 40:1019–1026. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260400905CrossRefPubMed

Wang Q, Zhu JY (2016) Effects of mechanical fibrillation time by disk grinding on the properties of cellulose nanofibrils. Tappi J 15:419–423. https://doi.org/10.32964/tj15.6.419CrossRef

Wang L, Zhang Y, Gao P et al (2006) Changes in the structural properties and rate of hydrolysis of cotton fibers during extended enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 93:443–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.20730CrossRefPubMed

Wang QQ, Zhu JY, Reiner RS et al (2012) Approaching zero cellulose loss in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) production: recovery and characterization of cellulosic solid residues (CSR) and CNC. Cellulose 19:2033–2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9765-6CrossRef

Wang Q, Zhao X, Zhu JY (2014) Kinetics of strong acid hydrolysis of a bleached kraft pulp for producing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Ind Eng Chem Res 53:11007–11014. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie501672mCrossRef

Wang W, Mozuch MD, Sabo RC et al (2015) Production of cellulose nanofibrils from bleached eucalyptus fibers by hyperthermostable endoglucanase treatment and subsequent microfluidization. Cellulose 22:351–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0465-2CrossRef

Williams G, Seger B, Kamt PV (2008) TiO₂-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2:1487–1491. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn800251fCrossRefPubMed

Winter HT, Cerclier C, Delorme N et al (2010) Improved colloidal stability of bacterial cellulose nanocrystal suspensions for the elaboration of spin-coated cellulose-based model surfaces. Biomacromolecules 11:3144–3151. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm100953fCrossRefPubMed

Xie H, Du H, Yang X, Si C (2018) Recent strategies in preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils derived from raw cellulose materials. Int J Polym Sci 2018:25CrossRef

Xiros C, Janssen M, Byström R et al (2017) Toward a sustainable biorefinery using high-gravity technology. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin 11:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1722CrossRef

Xu Y, Salmi J, Kloser E et al (2013) Feasibility of nanocrystalline cellulose production by endoglucanase treatment of natural bast fibers. Ind Crops Prod 51:381–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.029CrossRef

Yang J (2017) Manufacturing of Nanocrystalline Cellulose. Dissertation, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering

Yang K, Wang YJ (2003) Lipase-catalyzed cellulose acetylation in aqueous and organic media. Biotechnol Prog 19:1664–1671. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp0341388CrossRefPubMed

Yarbrough JM, Zhang R, Mittal A et al (2017) Multifunctional cellulolytic enzymes outperform processive fungal cellulases for coproduction of nanocellulose and biofuels. ACS Nano 11:3101–3109. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00086CrossRefPubMed

Ylipertula M, Lauren P, Bhatatacharya M, Lou Y (2010) Drug delivery compositions. WO 2012/056111 A3

Yu H, Qin Z, Liang B et al (2013) Facile extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals with a high yield of 93% through hydrochloric acid hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions. J Mater Chem A 1:3938. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta01150jCrossRef

Zaldívar M, Velásquez JC, Contreras I, Pérez LM (2001) Trichoderma aureoviride 7-121, a mutant with enhanced production of lytic enzymes: its potential use in waste cellulose degradation and/or biocontrol. Electron J Biotechnol 4:72–80. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol4-issue3-fulltext-7CrossRef

Zhang Y, Bin LuX, Gao C et al (2012) Preparation and characterization of nano crystalline cellulose from Bamboo fibers by controlled cellulase hydrolysis. J Fiber Bioeng Informatics 5:263–271. https://doi.org/10.3993/jfbi09201204CrossRef

Zhou H, St. John F, Zhu JY (2019) Xylanase pretreatment of wood fibers for producing cellulose nanofibrils: a comparison of different enzyme preparations. Cellulose 26:543–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02250-1CrossRef

Zhu JY, Sabo R, Luo X (2011) Integrated production of nano-fibrillated cellulose and cellulosic biofuel (ethanol) by enzymatic fractionation of wood fibers. Green Chem 13:1339–1344. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1gc15103gCrossRef

Zhu H, Helander M, Moser C et al (2012) A novel nano cellulose preparation method and size fraction by cross flow ultra-filtration. Curr Org Chem 16:1871–1875. https://doi.org/10.2174/138527212802651197CrossRef

Zhu J, Chen L, Gleisner R, Zhu JY (2019) Co-production of bioethanol and furfural from poplar wood via low temperature (≤ 90°C) acid hydrotropic fractionation (AHF). Fuel 254:115572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.05.155CrossRef

Zimmermann MVG, da Silva MP, Zattera AJ, Campomanes Santana RM (2017) Effect of nanocellulose fibers and acetylated nanocellulose fibers on properties of poly(ethylene- co -vinyl acetate) foams. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44760CrossRef

Zverlov V, Mahr S, Riedel K, Bronnenmeier K (1998) Properties and gene structure of a bifunctional cellulolytic enzyme (CelA) from the extreme thermophile “Anaerocellum thermophilum” with separate glycosyl hydrolase family 9 and 48 catalytic domains. Microbiology 144:457–465. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-144-2-457CrossRefPubMed

Titel: The current status of the enzyme-mediated isolation and functionalization of nanocelluloses: production, properties, techno-economics, and opportunities
verfasst von: Valdeir Arantes
Isabella K. R. Dias
Gabriela L. Berto
Bárbara Pereira
Braz S. Marotti
Carlaile F. O. Nogueira
Publikationsdatum: 19.07.2020
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Cellulose / Ausgabe 18/2020
Print ISSN: 0969-0239
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-882X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03332-1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 18/2020

Effect of lignin and hemicellulose on the properties of lignocellulose nanofibril suspensions

A sequential design approach for in situ incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals in emulsion-based pressure sensitive adhesives

Cocoa shell: an industrial by-product for the preparation of suspensions of holocellulose nanofibers and fat

Influence of bacterial nanocellulose surface modification on calcium phosphates precipitation for bone tissue engineering

Use of multi-factorial analysis to determine the quality of cellulose nanofibers: effect of nanofibrillation treatment and residual lignin content

Special issue on “Nanocellulose characterization, production and use”