A micro machined accelerometer based on an area variation capacitive sensing for more applications was developed, in this case, we will describe and improve in this work the efficacity as well as the sensitivity of a capacitive accelerometer based on an area of variation capacitive sensing considered as a micro system electro mechanical (MEMS) available and realizable. However, the simulation was performed using MATLAB as software used in complicated situation with an optimization of the several parameters of accelerometer and a single direction, which is consisted with mobile fingers and fixed fingers, as two springs which ensures the damping of the system. The general concept, main design considerations and performance of the resulted accelerometer was optimized and elaborated in order to obtain a good improvement.
1 Introduction
The micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) technology device design optimization is becoming an interesting and important research issue. However, various efforts on MEMS device design optimization and automation have been made as modeling and simulation of a capacitive micro machined accelerometer.
Compatibility with conventional CMOS provides advantages high yield and fast prototyping that should be adjustable and transferable to any CMOS foundry.
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In this work, we present the difference and the relationship between the design optimization of a capacitance folded beam MEMS comb accelerometer device and the device sensitivity such as beam width, beam length, mass width. Based on the analysis, an optimized design of the MEMS comb capacitive accelerometer device is suggested.
2 CMOS micromachining process
The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) micromachining accelerometer uses high technology, are made from custom processes combining polysilicon surface micromachining and electronic circuits processes (Xie and Fedder 2002). It is fabricated using three-metal 0.5 μm n-well CMOS process through MOSIS (Luo et al. 2002). After the fabrication, two dry etch steps, shown in Fig. 1, are used to define and release the structure. Figure 1a shows the cross section of the chip after regular CMOS fabrication. In the first step of post processing as shown in Fig. 1b, dielectric layers are removed by an anisotropic CHF3/O2 reactive-ion etch (RIE) with the top metal layer acting as an etch resistant mask (Zhang 1994).
Fig. 1
CMOS-MEMS micromachining process (Luo et al. 2002; Zhang 1999)
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After the sidewall of the microstructure is precisely defined, an isotropic SF6/O2 (RIE) is performed to etch away the bulk silicon and release the composite structure as shown in Fig. 1c (Zhang et al. 1999). Layout in the metal layers is designed to form beams, plates, and electrostatic comb fingers. Material property values for the composite structures include a density of 2,300 kg/m3 and a Young’s modulus of 62 GPa.
Electrically isolated multi-layer conductors can be routed in the composite structures, enabling more design options (compared to homogeneous conductor structures). For example, electrically decoupled sensing and actuating comb fingers may be built on the same structure and full-bridge capacitive differential and common centroid comb-finger designs can be readily implemented (Luo et al. 2002).
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A full-bridge capacitive sensor has double transducer sensitivity of a half-bridge. Higher transducer sensitivity improves the signal-to-electrical noise ratio. At the same time, since the full-bridge capacitive sensor has differential output, it has better ability to reject common mode noise. The undercut of silicon in the release step (Fig. 2) constrains the placement of sensing circuits to at least 15 μm away from the microstructures. Compared to most commercialized polysilicon micromachining technology, the MEMS to electronics interconnect in CMOS-MEMS is shorter, and suffers less parasitic capacitance. Such parasitic on high impedance wiring can be made small relative to input capacitance of interface circuits, so the transducer sensitivity is larger when capacitive sensing is employed.
Fig. 2
Differential capacitor structure and Equivalent schematic model of accelerometer (Luo et al. 2002; Zhang et al. 1999)
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Cpara is the parasitic capacitance and C1, C2, C3, C4 represent the differential capacities between the movable fingers and the sensing fingers.
Figure 2a, b represent the schematic of accelerometer and the equivalent model. The topology used here is that of a single axis, common centroid, fully differential, capacitive sensing lateral accelerometer (Zhang 1994). The proof mass is suspended using four serpentine springs attached to its corners. Interdigitated comb drives are used for differential capacitive sensing as shown in Fig. 2a. Each finger consists of two electrical nodes, one each for the two capacitors on the half capacitive bridge; and the sense nodes are located on the stator fingers. This is used to create a common centroid configuration, which is not possible in polysilicon MEMS. In order to counter out of plane curl mismatch between the comb fingers, the fingers are attached to a peripheral frame rather than being anchored to the substrate. The different schemes of capacitive interfaces are represented in the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
Different schemes of capacitive interfaces (Zhang 1994)
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The most commonly used capacitive sense interface is a single-ended half-bridge interface shown in Fig. 3a. Change in capacitance can be measured by driving the ends of the bridge and taking the central node as the output. Fully differential interfaces are always preferred to their single-ended counterparts because of better power supply rejection and first-order cancellation of substrate coupling. Usually, differential capacitive sense interfaces have been implemented with polysilicon surface micromachining processes. In some designs displacement is sensed with a capacitive half-bridge by modulating the central node (the proof mass) and connecting the two fixed ends to a differential position sense interface as shown in Fig. 3b. Since there is only one modulation node instead of two differential ones, a significant common-mode signal will appear at the input nodes of the differential interface.
The difference between two parasitic capacitors (Cp1, Cp2) results in output offset which can be a great source of drift over environmental variations, such temperature and aging.
3 Principle of operation
A schematic of a capacitive micro accelerometer simplified is shown in Fig. 4. The central part of the accelerometer is a suspended micromechanical proof mass. When an external acceleration is applied, the proof mass will move with respect to the moving frame of reference which acts as the sensing element (Zhang 1994).
Fig. 4
Schematic of a capacitive micro accelerometer (Zhang 1994)
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The displacements of the proof mass imply an acceleration which can be measured by several methods. For the capacitive sensing approach, the displacement is detected by measuring the capacitance change between the proof mass and adjacent fixed electrodes. Low parasitic capacitance achieved from monolithic integration is the key to maximizing the performance with this technique.
On the basis of the mechanical parameters schematic for the sensing element shown in Fig. 4, the differential equation for the displacement x as a function of external acceleration is that of a second-order mass-spring-damper system (Luo et al. 2002; Zhang 1994):
$$ M_{s} \cdot \frac{{d^{2} x}}{{dt^{2} }} + D \cdot \frac{dx}{dt} + K_{s} \cdot x = M_{s} \cdot a_{ext} $$
(1)
where Ks is the spring constant, D is the damping coefficient, Ms is the proof mass and aext is the external acceleration.
With Laplace transform notation, the above equation converts to a second-order transfer function:
$$ \frac{X\left( s \right)}{A\left( s \right)} = \frac{1}{{s^{2} + s \cdot \frac{D}{{M_{s} }} + \frac{{K_{s} }}{{M_{s} }}}} = \frac{1}{{s^{2} + s \cdot \frac{{\omega_{r} }}{Q} + \omega_{r}^{2} }} $$
(2)
where ωr is the resonant frequency, Q is the quality factor.
The sensitivity is inversely proportional to the square of the resonant frequency which means the lower the resonant frequency the higher the sensitivity. But actually, the lower limit of resonant frequency is bounded by many factors such as the mechanical shock resistance, the achievable lowest spring constant, the highest possible effective mass, and manufacturability.
4 Device design
The structure design of a poly-silicon surface-micromachined MEMS comb accelerometer is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5
The general designs of MEMS comb accelerometer (Sharma et al. 2012)
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The movable parts of this MEMS comb accelerometer consist of four folded-beams, a proof mass and some movable fingers. The fixed parts include two anchors and some left/right fixed fingers. The central movable mass is connected to both anchors through four folded beams.
In the right and left side of the each movable finger, there are left and right fixed fingers. The movable fingers constitute the differential capacitance pair C1 and C2 with left and right comb fingers (Sharma et al. 2012).
If is no acceleration (a = 0), the movable fingers are resting in the middle of the left and right fixed fingers, the left and right capacitance pairs C1 and C2 are equal. When is any acceleration a along horizontal direction parallel to the device plan, the proof mass Ms experiences an inertial force become −Ms·a along the opposite direction. However, the beams deflect and the movable mass and movable fingers move for a certain displacement x along the direction of the inertial force. That automatically changes the left and right capacitance gaps; hence the differential capacitances C1 and C2 will also be changed. One can know the value and direction of acceleration one measuring the difference of the capacities change.
When there is no acceleration, a driving voltage Vd is applied to the left or right fixed driving fingers.
The electrostatic force will attract the movable fingers toward the left or right direction. By measuring this displacement and comparing with good device response, one knows whether the device is good or faulty.
5 Mechanical suspension
The topology of folded beam with turns can provide a lower spring constant, and thus higher sensitivity.
The spring constant of this structure is:
$$ K_{s} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot E \cdot h \cdot \left( {\frac{{w_{b} }}{{l_{b} }}} \right)^{3} $$
(4)
The four folded beam can be treated as four springs connected in parallel. Therefore, the spring constant along the Δx direction for a suspension structure as shown in Fig. 6, can be determined as:
$$ K_{total} = 2 \cdot E \cdot h \cdot \left( {\frac{{w_{b} }}{{l_{b} }}} \right)^{3} $$
(5)
where Ks is the constant of spring for one folded beam, lb is the beam length, wb is the beam width, h is the beam thickness, E is the Young’s modulus of the structural material.
Fig. 6
Detail of accelerometer Spring structure (Kuan 2008)
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6 Damping and quality factor
There are two categories of damping mechanisms. First, structural damping is caused by friction within composite structural (Zhang 1994). The second is viscous air damping at atmospheric pressure. For the lateral accelerometer, squeeze film damping which occurs when the air gap between two closely placed parallel surfaces changes, is not critical either.
The damping coefficient between a single comb finger gaps is giving by (Amini 2006)
where \( \omega_{r} = \sqrt {K_{s} /M}_{s} \), reducing the damping increases the possibility of resonant behavior (high Q).
7 Basic knowledge for capacitive MEMS
7.1 Devices
A typical MEMS differential capacitance structure is shown in Fig. 7, where Ms represent the movable plate mass; F1 and F2 denote fixed or fingers plates, while B1 and B2 are both beams of the MEMS device (Xiong 2005).
Fig. 7
Schematic diagram of a capacitive MEMS device
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The movable plate Ms is anchored to the substrate through two flexible beams B1 and B2. It constitutes differential capacitances C1, C2 with the top and bottom fixed plates. In the static mode, the movable plate Ms is located in the center between F1 and F2, therefore:
where \( \varepsilon_{0} \) is the dielectric constant of air, S is the overlap area between Ms and F1, F2, d0 is the static capacitance gap between Ms and F1, F2.
When there is acceleration will result in the deflection of beams and a certain displacement of movable plate Ms along the vertical direction. Assume the central movable mass moves upward with a displacement of x. Given (x ≪ d0), C1 and C2 under the test stimuli can be derived by:
The central movable plate Ms acts as a voltage divider between the top and bottom fixed plates F1 and F2 respectively. By measuring the voltage level on central movable electrode VM, we can find the displacement x of the central movable plate Ms, which in turn is directly proportional to the physical stimuli. Thus, we can derive the value of the applied physical stimuli. This is the working principle for most differential capacitive MEMS devices. If voltage Vd is applied to the fixed plate F1 and nominal voltage Vnominal is applied to Ms, an electrostatic attractive force Fd will be experienced by the central movable mass:
For vertical electrostatic driving, the driving voltage cannot exceed a threshold value by which the deflection exceeds 1/3 of the capacitance gap d0. Otherwise, the movable plate will be stuck to the fixed plate through a positive feedback, and a short circuit will occur.
8 Analysis of the device
When an acceleration a along the horizontal direction parallel to the device plan is applied to the accelerometer, the beam deflects under the effect of inertial force. The deflection of beam is in opposite direction of the applied acceleration. The displacement sensitivity of the device is defined as the displacement of the movable mass and movable fingers per unit gravity acceleration g along devices sensitive direction. The beam-mass structure of the accelerometer can be treated as a simplified spring-mass model. The four folded beam can be treated as four springs connected in parallel.
In order to find out the sensitivity of a comb accelerometer, dynamic analysis must be performed. A MEMS comb accelerometer actually can be simplified by a spring-mass model. For each folded-beam, both sections of the beam can be treated as two springs connected in series. Each beam section can be treated as double-clamped beam model.
Assume for each section of the folded-beam, the beam width and length is Wb and Lb separately. The width and length of central proof mass are Wm and Lm separately. The device thickness (thickness of the poly-silicon layer) is h. There is Nf totally sensing finger groups. For each movable finger, the finger width and length are Wf and Lf separately. When there is no acceleration, the capacitance gap between each movable finger and its left/right fixed fingers is d0. The density ρ, Young’s modulus E of poly-silicon material and unit gravity are given as below (Xiong 2005).
Considering that the length not covered with mobile finger is null (∆lf = 0) as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8
Differential capacitance of MEMS comb accelerometer (Xiong 2005)
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The static sensing capacitance of the MEMS comb accelerometer when there is no acceleration (a = 0) is:
When there is acceleration (a ≠ 0) along left direction horizontally; the movable mass experiences an inertial force toward right by x (Fig. 4). Assume small deflection approximation (x≪d0), the left (right) capacitances C1, C2 are changed to:
From Eqs. (17) and (18), we obtain for small deflection approximation, differential capacitance change ΔC is directly proportional to the displacement x of the movable fingers.
For small beam deflection (angle <5°), we can consider the accelerometer as simplified spring-mass model. Assume the total sensing mass of the accelerometer as Ms, the inertial force Finertial experience by the sensing mass for acceleration a along sensitive direction is:
$$ F_{inertial} = - M_{s} \cdot a $$
(20)
Take for the total spring constant of the beams as Ktotal, the displacement x of the movable mass can be calculated as:
Given a displacement of the movable mass and fingers where x is much smaller than the static capacitance gap d0 the capacitance sensitivity Sc can be expressed (Amini 2006; Xiong 2005) as:
where ∆lf is the length not covered of mobile finger, and if it is considered that ∆lf much lower (∆lf ≈ 0) however: The capacitance sensitivity Sc is given (Selvakumar et al. 1996; Bais and Majlis 2008).
The structural thickness layer in this device is limited to be 6 μm.
10.1 Movable mass displacement as a function of acceleration x = f(g)
The displacement’s behaviour of movable mass as a function of acceleration with the basis of 0 up to 10 g by pad of 1 g is shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9
Movable mass displacement vs acceleration
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However, we can say that the increase in acceleration implies an increase in the displacement sensibility.
10.2 Capacitance sensitivity Sc = f(x)
Knowing that x depends on g and x≪d0 then, the simulation of sensitivity as a function of movable mass displacement is given in Fig. 10: we note that the difference in capacity is extremely sensitive at the minimum displacement of the mobile fingers that explains the effectiveness of the model.
Fig. 10
Capacitance sensitivity vs movable mass displacement
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10.3 Capacitance sensitivity Sc = f(g)
A graphics presentation of capacitance sensitivity as a function of acceleration with the 0 g basis up to 8 g is shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11
Capacitance sensibility vs acceleration
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It is clear that the accelerations increase implies an increase in the capacitance sensitivity Sc; this proves that one can count on this model to obtain a high precision sensitivity.
10.4 A beam width effect on displacement
For different beam width Wb (2, 2.5, 3 μm), it is noted that to have displacement x inferior with gap d0, it is necessary that acceleration g does not exceed 5 g as shown in Fig. 12. In this simulation d0 is fixed at 3 μm.
Fig. 12
Movable mass displacement vs acceleration with different Wb
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In this case, the displacement of the folded beam comb accelerometer is inversely proportional to the third power of the beam width Wb.
11 Conclusion
After the results obtained by simulation of some parameters accelerometer capacitive, we note that the geometry of the component such as the width and the length of the mobile fingers as those of spring take a very important role on the acceleration sensitivity.
Theoretically, we can narrow down the beam width Wb to achieve very high device sensitivity. However, there is always a bottom limit for the beam width set by the minimum line width in a fabrication process. If the beam width is too narrow <2 μm, it will become very challenging to fabricate the beam because the beam is extremely fragile and can be easily broken.
Therefore, to obtaining a good performance and a good sensitivity of a capacitive accelerometer, it is very important to choose better parameters such as the beam width and the beam length (Wb and Lb) which represents the suspension of the acceleration system.
Other share, the mobile fingers width and length (WF and Lf) which constitute the capacities between the mobile fingers and the fixed fingers influence directly the value of these capacities then acceleration, which requires a choice very precise of these parameters.
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